Chapter 7 Anterograde amnesia

Markowitsch, Hans J.

doi:10.1016/s0072-9752(07)88007-9

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 294 publications

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“…Confabulation, which is the hallmark of a distorted TC, is a pathognomonic sign of Korsakoff’s syndrome (Korsakoff, 1889; Bonhoeffer, 1904; Wyke and Warrington, 1960; Talland, 1961; Mercer et al, 1977; Cermak et al, 1980; Dalla Barba et al, 1990; Benson et al, 1996; Schnider et al, 1996a; Borsutzky et al, 2008), which is a diencephalic amnesia. Patients with non-Korsakoff thalamic lesions (e.g., Gentilini et al, 1987; Hodges and McCarthy, 1993; Markowitsch et al, 1993; Markowitsch, 2008) and patients with orbitofrontal lesions (e.g., Kopelman, 1987; Knight et al, 1995; Moscovitch, 1995; Schnider et al, 1996a; Dalla Barba et al, 1997b; Schnider and Ptak, 1999; Gilboa et al, 2006b) show deep anterograde, more variably, retrograde amnesia and, invariably, various types of memory distortions, i.e., distorted TC, including confabulations.…”

Section: Neural Correlates Of Temporal Consciousnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

A neurophenomenological model for the role of the hippocampus in temporal consciousness. Evidence from confabulation

Barba

Corte

2015

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Confabulation, the production of statements or actions that are unintentionally incongruous to the subject’s history, background, present and future situation, is a rather infrequent disorder with different aetiologies and anatomical lesions. Although they may differ in many ways, confabulations show major similarities. Their content, with some minor exceptions, is plausible and therefore indistinguishable from true memories, unless one is familiar with the patient’s history, background, present and future situation. They extend through the whole individuals’ temporality, including their past, present and future. Accordingly, we have proposed that rather than a mere memory disorder; confabulation reflects a distortion of Temporal Consciousness (TC), i.e., a specific form of consciousness that allows individuals to locate objects and events according to their subjective temporality. Another feature that confabulators share is that, regardless of their lesion’s location, they all have a relatively preserved hippocampus (Hip), at least unilaterally. In this article, we review data showing differences and similarities among forms of confabulation. We then describe a model showing that the hippocampus is crucial both for the normal functioning of TC and as the generator of confabulations, and that different types of confabulation can be traced back to a distortion of TC resulting from damage or disconnection of brain areas directly or indirectly connected to the hippocampus. We conclude by comparing our model with other models of memory and confabulation.

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Section: Neural Correlates Of Temporal Consciousnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

A neurophenomenological model for the role of the hippocampus in temporal consciousness. Evidence from confabulation

Barba

Corte

2015

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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“…Functional and lesion studies have provided insight in the anatomical correlates of several aspects of explicit memory, for example, working memory (dorsolateral parts of prefrontal cortices and lateral parietal cortices) and encoding for long term memory (medial temporal lobes, fornices, mammillary bodies, amygdala, thalamus) [Markowitsch, ; Rosen and Viskontas, ; van Strien et al, ; Vann et al, ]. Regarding recognition memory, there is substantial evidence for distinct anatomical correlates of the processes that underlie discriminability: recollection depends on a system centering on the hippocampus, whereas familiarity depends on a system centering on parahippocampal structures [Brown et al, ; Vann et al, ; Yonelinas et al, ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct anatomical correlates of discriminability and criterion setting in verbal recognition memory revealed by lesion‐symptom mapping

Biesbroek

Zandvoort

Kappelle

et al. 2014

Human Brain Mapping

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Recognition memory, that is, the ability to judge whether an item has been previously encountered in a particular context, depends on two factors: discriminability and criterion setting. Discriminability draws on memory processes while criterion setting (i.e., the application of a threshold resulting in a yes/no response) is regarded as a process of cognitive control. Discriminability and criterion setting are assumed to draw on distinct anatomical structures, but definite evidence for this assumption is lacking. We applied voxel-based and region of interest-based lesion-symptom mapping to 83 patients in the acute phase of ischemic stroke to determine the anatomical correlates of discriminability and criterion setting in verbal recognition memory. Recognition memory was measured with the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Signal-detection theory was used to calculate measures for discriminability and criterion setting. Lesion-symptom mapping revealed that discriminability draws on left medial temporal and temporo-occipital structures, both thalami and the right hippocampus, while criterion setting draws on the right inferior frontal gyrus. Lesions in the right inferior frontal gyrus were associated with liberal response bias. These findings indicate that discriminability and criterion setting indeed depend on distinct anatomical structures and provide new insights in the anatomical correlates of these cognitive processes that underlie verbal recognition memory.

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“…Other regions within the limbic system are important bottleneck structures for episodic-autographical memory encoding (Brand and Markowitsch, 2003 ; Markowitsch, 2008 ; Markowitsch and Staniloiu, 2012a ), such as medial and anterior diencephalon, the amygdala, and the basal forebrain (septal nuclei, basal nucleus of Meynert, diagonal band of Broca; Figure 2 ). Bilateral damage to the medial (and to a certain degree to the anterior) diencephalic structures leads to severe anterograde amnesia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Solving the Riddle of Forgetting in Functional Amnesia: Recent Advances and Current Opinions

Staniloiu¹,

Markowitsch²

2012

Front. Psychology

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Remembering the past is a core feature of human beings, enabling them to maintain a sense of wholeness and identity and preparing them for the demands of the future. Forgetting operates in a dynamic neural connection with remembering, allowing the elimination of unnecessary or irrelevant information overload and decreasing interference. Stress and traumatic experiences could affect this connection, resulting in memory disturbances, such as functional amnesia. An overview of clinical, epidemiological, neuropsychological, and neurobiological aspects of functional amnesia is presented, by preponderantly resorting to own data from patients with functional amnesia. Patients were investigated medically, neuropsychologically, and neuroradiologically. A detailed report of a new case is included to illustrate the challenges posed by making an accurate differential diagnosis of functional amnesia, a condition that may encroach on the boundaries between psychiatry and neurology. Several mechanisms may play a role in “forgetting” in functional amnesia, such as retrieval impairments, consolidating defects, motivated forgetting, deficits in binding and reassembling details of the past, deficits in establishing a first person autonoetic connection with personal events, and loss of information. In a substantial number of patients, we observed a synchronization abnormality between a frontal lobe system, important for autonoetic consciousness, and a temporo-amygdalar system, important for evaluation and emotions, which provides empirical support for an underlying mechanism of dissociation (a failure of integration between cognition and emotion). This observation suggests a mnestic blockade in functional amnesia that is triggered by psychological or environmental stress and is underpinned by a stress hormone mediated synchronization abnormality during retrieval between processing of affect-laden events and fact-processing.

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Chapter 7 Anterograde amnesia

Cited by 11 publications

References 294 publications

A neurophenomenological model for the role of the hippocampus in temporal consciousness. Evidence from confabulation

A neurophenomenological model for the role of the hippocampus in temporal consciousness. Evidence from confabulation

Distinct anatomical correlates of discriminability and criterion setting in verbal recognition memory revealed by lesion‐symptom mapping

Towards Solving the Riddle of Forgetting in Functional Amnesia: Recent Advances and Current Opinions

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