CHAPTER 3 - Lived experiences of women as principal gatekeepers of water management in rural Uganda

Magala, Joyce Mpalanyi; Kabonesa, Consolata; Staines, Anthony

doi:10.3362/9781780448893.003

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…However, our results within the youngest age category (9 to 17 years old) contradict prior studies that suggest girls are the primary water fetchers (Asaba et al 2013;Magala et al 2015;Naiga et al 2017). The issue of children and water collection is an area for further exploration.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

“…Tasks such as water collection contribute to time poverty. In Uganda, women and children have been identified as the primary collectors of water for household use (Asaba et al 2013;Magala et al 2015;Naiga et al 2017), whereas men are willing to collect water for commercial purposes, such as brick making, and for their animals (Naiga et al 2017). Asaba et al's (2013) study in Makondo, Uganda, focused on the time and distance associated with water collection, along with the health implications of such activities.…”

Section: Gendered Dimensions Of Water Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cattle as technological interventions: The gender effects of water demand in dairy production in Uganda

Ransom

Bain

Bal

et al. 2017

FACETS

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Smallholder dairy production dominates the country of Uganda, with over 90% of the national herd owned by smallholders. To reduce hunger, malnutrition, and raise families out of poverty agricultural development, interventions in Uganda have focused on increasing milk production through the introduction of improved dairy cow breeds. Development actors, such as the East Africa Dairy Development (EADD) program in Uganda, see crossbreed dairy cows as a key technological intervention for improving production. Drawing on a multi-method study (spatial analysis, surveys, and qualitative interviews) of dairy smallholders, our paper examines the gendered effects of the introduction of crossbreed dairy cows. To ensure peak performance, improved breeds require more inputs (e.g., water, feed, and medicine), which are labor and time intensive with specific gendered outcomes. Our findings reveal that both men and women identify fetching water as one of the greatest challenges in maintaining dairy cows, but women and children disproportionately fetch the water and women have higher reported rates of time poverty. Water quality is also an issue, with smallholders struggling to provide clean water to cows, and our basic water testing reveals water sources with high nitrate levels that can be harmful for children and dairy cows.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

Section: Gendered Dimensions Of Water Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cattle as technological interventions: The gender effects of water demand in dairy production in Uganda

Ransom

Bain

Bal

et al. 2017

FACETS

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“…We sought to contribute to this literature by conducting a whole-population, mixed-methods study to quantitively assess the association between water insecurity and psychological distress and to quantitatively explore the channels through which the association is manifest. Based on prior research findings, we expected that the psychological distress associated with water insecurity would disproportionately affect women due to gendered norms governing how women (and girls) in most countries throughout sub-Saharan Africa must shoulder the dominant burden of collecting water for the household (12,13,(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28). The stress associated with water insecurity has further been shown to induce physiological changes in health outcomes, for example as shown by Brewis et al (2019) in demonstrating an association between water insecurity and systolic and diastolic blood pressure among women in Nepal (29).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“When you have no water, it means you have no peace”: A mixed-methods, whole-population study of water insecurity and depression in rural Uganda

Mushavi

Burns

Kakuhikire

et al. 2020

Social Science & Medicine

105

126

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Background: Lack of access to clean water has well known implications for communicable disease risks, but the broader construct of water insecurity is little studied, and its mental health impacts are even less well understood. Methods and Findings:We conducted a mixed-methods, whole-population study in rural Uganda to estimate the association between water insecurity and depression symptom severity, and to identify the mechanisms underlying the observed association. The whole-population sample included 1,776 adults (response rate, 91.5%). Depression symptom severity was measured using the 15-item Hopkins Symptom Checklist for Depression. Water insecurity was measured with an 8-item Household Water Insecurity Access Scale. We fitted multivariable linear and Poisson regression models to the data to estimate the association between water insecurity and depression symptom severity, adjusting for age, marital status, self-reported overall health, household asset wealth, and educational attainment. These models showed that water insecurity was associated with depression symptom severity (b=0.009; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.004-0.15) and that the estimated association was larger among men (b=0.012; 95% CI, 0.008-0.015) than among women (b=0.008; 95% CI, 0.004-0.012. We conducted qualitative interviews with a sub-group of 30 participants, focusing on women given their traditional role in household water procurement in the Ugandan context. Qualitative analysis, following an inductive approach, showed that water insecurity led to "choice-less-ness" and undesirable social outcomes, which in turn led to emotional distress. These pathways were amplified by gender-unequal norms.

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“…boreholes, shallow wells, public taps), their distribution, availability, and reliability differ across countries, between different urban areas in the same country and within urban areas. A study in the slums of Kenya found that within the same slum, different water sources had different levels of coliform bacteria (Kimani-Murage and Ngindu 2007), suggesting that even within the same urban area or slum, water quality varies.Distance to a water source is an important determinant of the quantity of water used in the household, since water is frequently carried on the head or back of the collector and requires a significant physical effort(Hunter, MacDonald, and Carter 2010;Magala, Kabonesa, and Staines 2015). Urban water collectors commonly visit water points multiple times throughout the day, and sometimes travel long distances(Mutisya and Yarime 2011;Crow and Mcpike 2009), which places a burden on people's time due to queuing and long waiting times at popular water sources(Rashid 2009;E.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The difference a day can make: The temporal dynamics of drinking water access and quality in urban slums

Price

Adams

2019

Science of The Total Environment

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In urban slumshome to approximately 1 billion people worldwide-access to clean drinking water is woefully inadequate despite the United Nations' declaration that access to safe water is a fundamental human right. Households in slums are frequently forced to rely on multiple drinking water sources to meet their needs. Numerous factors influence choice of water source, including water quality, availability, reliability, and affordability. These factors are not temporally static, but rather will vary over multiple timescales (from sub-daily changes to annual changes and beyond) in response to changes in the water source itself and changes in the household's ability to use that source. For example, the cost of water can change over time in response to water availability (e.g. rainy season versus dry season) and a slum household's ability to pay for water will often change over time in response to changes in household income. However, existing national and global monitoring of safe water access, including Sustainable Development Goal 6, overlook these temporal dynamics of water access, quality and health risk in slums. This paper proposes a research agenda for exploring temporal changes in drinking water access and quality in urban slums and their potential influence on health risk. It argues that in the design of research studies, policy interventions, and drinking water monitoring aimed at improving access and health in urban slums, temporal dynamics 2 should be considered over at least three interlinked time scales: short-term (from sub-daily to week-to-week), medium-term (from month-to-month to season-toseason) and long-term (from year-to-year). The paper concludes with recommendations for future research on temporal dynamics of drinking water and health in slums.

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CHAPTER 3 - Lived experiences of women as principal gatekeepers of water management in rural Uganda

Cited by 8 publications

References 7 publications

Cattle as technological interventions: The gender effects of water demand in dairy production in Uganda

Cattle as technological interventions: The gender effects of water demand in dairy production in Uganda

“When you have no water, it means you have no peace”: A mixed-methods, whole-population study of water insecurity and depression in rural Uganda

The difference a day can make: The temporal dynamics of drinking water access and quality in urban slums

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