Chapter 3. Assessing progress towards meeting major international objectives related to nature and nature's contributions to people

Butchart, Stuart H. M.; Klein, Patricia Miloslavich de; Reyers, Belinda; Subramanian, Suneetha M.; Adams, Cristina; Bennett, Elena M.; Czúcz, Bálint; Galetto, Leonardo; Galvin, Kathleen M.; Reyes‐García, Victoria; Gerber, Leah R.; Gode, Tamrat Bekele; Jetz, Walter; Kosamu, Ishmael Bobby Mphangwe; Palomo, María Gabriela; Panahi, Mostafa; Selig, Elizabeth R.; Singh, Gopal Shankar; Tarkhnishvili, David; Xu, Haigen; Lynch, Abigail J.; Mwampamba, Tuyeni H.; Samakov, Aibek

doi:10.5281/zenodo.3832053

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Second, broad systems of taxation or incentives often lack a (Fischer & Fox, 2012;Jaccard, 2020); extending beyond carbon to include water (Molle & Berkoff, 2007), land use or conversion and other metrics of damage or threat to nature and its contributions to people; and ensuring that incentive programmes are designed to foster relational values, not just 'buy' behaviour change (Chan, Anderson, et al, 2017;. Moreover, across many nations, there is disproportionately little effort to take stock of and address the perverse ecological impacts of subsidies on production and consumption despite commitments to do so through international agreements, for example, Aichi Biodiversity Target 3 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (Butchart et al 2019). However, because of the opposition that often arises in response to such policy reform, in many contexts, policy progress may rely upon first laying the groundwork by enabling the widespread expression and reinforcement of values that support the reform [leverage point 3] (see also third gap).…”

Section: Initiating Transformations Building Supportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levers and leverage points for pathways to sustainability

et al. 2020

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Humanity is on a deeply unsustainable trajectory. We are exceeding planetary boundaries and unlikely to meet many international sustainable development goals and global environmental targets. Until recently, there was no broadly accepted framework of interventions that could ignite the transformations needed to achieve these desired targets and goals. As a component of the IPBES Global Assessment, we conducted an iterative expert deliberation process with an extensive review of scenarios and pathways to sustainability, including the broader literature on indirect drivers, social change and sustainability transformation. We asked, what are the most important elements of pathways to sustainability? Applying a social–ecological systems lens, we identified eight priority points for intervention (leverage points) and five overarching strategic actions and priority interventions (levers), which appear to be key to societal transformation. The eight leverage points are: (1) Visions of a good life, (2) Total consumption and waste, (3) Latent values of responsibility, (4) Inequalities, (5) Justice and inclusion in conservation, (6) Externalities from trade and other telecouplings, (7) Responsible technology, innovation and investment, and (8) Education and knowledge generation and sharing. The five intertwined levers can be applied across the eight leverage points and more broadly. These include: (A) Incentives and capacity building, (B) Coordination across sectors and jurisdictions, (C) Pre‐emptive action, (D) Adaptive decision‐making and (E) Environmental law and implementation. The levers and leverage points are all non‐substitutable, and each enables others, likely leading to synergistic benefits. Transformative change towards sustainable pathways requires more than a simple scaling‐up of sustainability initiatives—it entails addressing these levers and leverage points to change the fabric of legal, political, economic and other social systems. These levers and leverage points build upon those approved within the Global Assessment's Summary for Policymakers, with the aim of enabling leaders in government, business, civil society and academia to spark transformative changes towards a more just and sustainable world. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

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Section: Initiating Transformations Building Supportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levers and leverage points for pathways to sustainability

et al. 2020

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“…The last decade has seen increased concerns about biodiversity loss, with multiple lines of evidence that nature and its contributions to people are declining globally at unprecedented rates (Diaz et al, 2019 ; IPBES, 2019 ; WWF, 2020 ). National level responses have not been at the level of required actions, partially achieving only a handful of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets of the CBD Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 (Butchart et al, 2019 ; Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2020 ). Thus, there are high expectations for the upcoming CBD fifteenth Conference of the Parties (CBD COP 15) which will be held in 2022 in Kunming (China) to finalize a new set of well‐defined goals and targets that would incentivize strong and ambitious actions to reverse the loss of biodiversity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Actions to halt biodiversity loss generally benefit the climate

Shin

Midgley

Archer

et al. 2022

Global Change Biology

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“…While marine ecosystems are increasingly included in new international legislation, the need to develop effective conservation and protection strategies remains. For instance, marine protected areas concern only 8% of the marine realm, only partly cover important sites for biodiversity and are not fully ecologically representative, wellconnected, and effectively managed [30]. It is therefore crucial to apply rigorous sustainable management practices in order to help guarantee the delivery of ES and conserve the multiple benefits provided by marine ecosystems, that so many people rely on [30,31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, marine protected areas concern only 8% of the marine realm, only partly cover important sites for biodiversity and are not fully ecologically representative, wellconnected, and effectively managed [30]. It is therefore crucial to apply rigorous sustainable management practices in order to help guarantee the delivery of ES and conserve the multiple benefits provided by marine ecosystems, that so many people rely on [30,31]. Hence, it first is particularly necessary to better understand such ecosystems and to highlight the related socio-ecological aspects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the numerous ES provided by marine ecosystems, food provision (i.e., fisheries and offshore aquaculture) seems to be by far the most intensively studied marine ES [17,19]. It can be related to the fact that some marine species groups are more assessed and studied like commercial species and top predator fish stocks [30]. In addition, another focus seems to be on specific ecosystems such as coral reefs, mudflats, and seagrass beds [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What evidence exists on how changes in marine ecosystem structure and functioning affect ecosystem services delivery? A systematic map protocol

et al. 2021

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Background The current biodiversity crisis calls for an urgent need to sustainably manage human uses of nature. The Ecosystem Services (ES) concept defined as « the benefits humans obtain from nature » support decisions aimed at promoting nature conservation. However, marine ecosystems, in particular, endure numerous direct pressures (e.g., habitat loss and degradation, overexploitation, pollution, climate change, and the introduction of non-indigenous species) all of which threaten ecosystem structure, functioning, and the very provision of ES. While marine ecosystems often receive less attention than terrestrial ecosystems in ES literature, it would also appear that there is a heterogeneity of knowledge within marine ecosystems and within the different ES provided. Hence, a systematic map on the existing literature will aim to highlight knowledge clusters and knowledge gaps on how changes in marine ecosystems influence the provision of marine ecosystem services. This will provide an evidence base for possible future reviews, and may help to inform eventual management and policy decision-making. Methods We will search for all evidence documenting how changes in structure and functioning of marine ecosystems affect the delivery of ES, across scientific and grey literature sources. Two bibliographic databases, Scopus and Web of Science Core Collection, will be used with a supplementary search undertaken in Google scholar. Multiple organisational websites related to intergovernmental agencies, supra-national or national structures, and NGOs will also be searched. Searches will be performed with English terms only without any geographic or temporal limitations. Literature screening, against predefined inclusion criteria, will be undertaken on title, abstract, and then full texts. All qualifying literature will be subjected to coding and meta-data extraction. No formal validity appraisal will be undertaken. Indeed, the map will highlight how marine ecosystem changes impact the ES provided. Knowledge gaps will be identified in terms of which ecosystem types, biodiversity components, or ES types are most or least studied and how these categories are correlated. Finally, a database will be provided, we will narratively describe this evidence base with summary figures and tables of pertinent study characteristics.

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Chapter 3. Assessing progress towards meeting major international objectives related to nature and nature's contributions to people

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Levers and leverage points for pathways to sustainability

Levers and leverage points for pathways to sustainability

Actions to halt biodiversity loss generally benefit the climate

What evidence exists on how changes in marine ecosystem structure and functioning affect ecosystem services delivery? A systematic map protocol

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