Chapter 3. Amorphous Silicon Dioxide as Additive to Improve the Fire Retardancy of Polyamides

Schmaucks, G.; Friede, Bernd; Schreiner, Horst; Roszinski, J.O.

doi:10.1039/9781847559210-00035

Cited by 11 publications

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“…On the basis of these latter results, the present study has been conducted, subsequently selecting only two nanoparticles characterised by a different aspect ratio: HT as lamellar and SiO 2 as spherical nanoparticle. Silica has been chosen as an alternative to titania because of its promising performances in combination with montmorillonites as flame retardant in bulk polypropylene and polyamide .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of the procedure to burn textile fabrics by cone calorimeter: part II. Results on nanoparticle‐finished polyester

2011

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SUMMARY Commercial polyester textiles have been finished with hydrotalcite, nanometric titania and silica aqueous suspensions and further characterised in order to investigate their combustion behaviour. Two different features of the finishing procedure have been studied: the role of immersion time and the pH suspension. The corresponding distribution and dispersion of nanoparticles on polyester fibres have been evaluated by scanning electron microscopy coupled to elemental analysis. Furthermore, an eventual surface pre‐treatment of fabrics has been evaluated using cold oxygen plasma. Combustion data have shown that the cone calorimeter is a useful instrumentation to characterise the treated fabrics (when they are washed, as well) in terms of their ability to modify ignition and burning behaviour. Only hydrotalcite‐containing treatments have consistent increases in times to ignite, and hence, flame retardancy levels have been achieved. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of the procedure to burn textile fabrics by cone calorimeter: part II. Results on nanoparticle‐finished polyester

2011

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“…These problems have driven the search for alternative "halogenfree" fire retardants, which include metal hydroxide 7,8 and carbonate fillers 9 , phosphorus compounds 10 , low melt glasses 11 , as well as a range of more esoteric materials, such as clay and silica nanoparticles 12,13 , carbon nanotubes 14 , expandable graphite 15 and metal chelates 16,17 . In general, halogen-free fire retardants are much more polymer-specific -while one fire retardant will work well in one polymer, it may not work at all in another.…”

Section: Fire Retardants and Flammabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire retardant action of mineral fillers

Hull

Witkowski

Hollingbery

2011

Polymer Degradation and Stability

285

144

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Endothermically decomposing mineral fillers, such as aluminium or magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, or mixed magnesium/calcium carbonates and hydroxides, such as naturally occurring mixtures of huntite and hydromagnesite are in heavy demand as sustainable, environmentally benign fire retardants. They are more difficult to deploy than the halogenated flame retardants they are replacing, as their modes of action are more complex, and are not equally effective in different polymers. In addition to their presence (at levels up to 70%), reducing the flammable content of the material, they have three quantifiable fire retardant effects: heat absorption through endothermic decomposition; increased heat capacity of the polymer residue; increased heat capacity of the gas phase through the presence of water or carbon dioxide. These three contributions have been quantified for eight of the most common fire retardant mineral fillers, and the effects on standard fire tests such as the LOI, UL 94 and cone calorimeter discussed. By quantifying these estimable contributions, more subtle effects, which they might otherwise mask, may be identified.

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“…To search for and evaluate synergistic combinations, MPZnP was incorporated in combination with various other flame retardants at ratios of 1:1 and 1:2, and the resulting materials investigated in the same manner. MPP, diethyl aluminum phosphinate (AlPi‐Et), 6 H ‐dibenz[c,e][1,2] oxaphosphorin‐6‐propanoic acid, butyl ester, 6‐oxide (DOPAc‐Bu), boehmite (AlO(OH)), and an amorphous spherical silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) were chosen as possible synergists. For comparison, materials containing only one of the latter additives were also prepared, while the total load of all additives combined was 20 wt % for all materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melamine poly(metal phosphates) as flame retardant in epoxy resin: Performance, modes of action, and synergy

Müller

Schartel

2016

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Melamine poly(metal phosphates) (MPMeP) are halogen-free flame retardants commercialized under the brand name Safire. Melamine poly(aluminum phosphate) (MPAlP), melamine poly(zinc phosphate) (MPZnP), and melamine poly(magnesium phosphate) (MPMgP) were compared in an epoxy resin (EP). The thermal decomposition, flammability, burning behavior, and glass transition temperature were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter, UL 94 testing, cone calorimeter, and differential scanning calorimetry. While the materials exhibited similarities in their pyrolysis, EP 1 MPZnP and EP 1 MPMgP showed better fire behavior than EP 1 MPAlP due to superior protective properties of the fire residues. Maintaining the 20 wt % loading, MPZnP was combined with various other flame retardants. A synergistic effect was evident for melamine polyphosphate (MPP), boehmite, and a derivative of 6H-Dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine-6-oxide. The best overall performance was observed for EP 1 (MPZnP 1 MPP) because of the best protection effectiveness of the fire residue. EP 1 (MPZnP 1 MPP) achieved V1/V0 in UL 94, and an 80% reduction in the peak heat release rate. This study evaluates the efficiency of MPMeP in EP, alone and in combination with other flame retardants. MPMeP is a suitable flame retardant for epoxy resin, depending on its kind and synergists.

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Chapter 3. Amorphous Silicon Dioxide as Additive to Improve the Fire Retardancy of Polyamides

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Optimization of the procedure to burn textile fabrics by cone calorimeter: part II. Results on nanoparticle‐finished polyester

Optimization of the procedure to burn textile fabrics by cone calorimeter: part II. Results on nanoparticle‐finished polyester

Fire retardant action of mineral fillers

Melamine poly(metal phosphates) as flame retardant in epoxy resin: Performance, modes of action, and synergy

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