Chapter 2 Gelsemium Alkaloids

Liu, Zhu‐Jin; Lu, Ran

doi:10.1016/s0099-9598(08)60297-7

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…To date, 45 indole-related alkaloids have been identified from Gelsemium species (Schun and Cordell, 1985;Liu and Lu, 1988;Lin et al, 1989aLin et al, , b, 1991Lin et al, , 1996. Gelsemine, the principal alkaloid of G. sempervirens, has been isolated from leaves, flowers, and nectar (Kingsbury, 1964;Adler and Irwin, 2005).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlations among traits associated with herbivore resistance and pollination: implications for pollination and nectar robbing in a distylous plant

Irwin

Adler

2006

American J of Botany

414

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Plants interact simultaneously with a diversity of visitors, including herbivores and pollinators. Correlations among traits associated with herbivory and pollination may constrain the degree to which plants can evolve in response to any one interactor. Using the distylous plant, Gelsemium sempervirens, we tested the hypothesis that traits typically associated with pollination (distyly) and herbivore resistance (secondary compounds) were phenotypically correlated and examined how these traits influenced plant interactions with floral visitors. The flowers of G. sempervirens are visited by pollinators and a nectar robber, and the leaves and flowers express gelsemine, an alkaloid that is deterrent and sometimes toxic to visitors. Using an observational approach across five populations, we found the thrum floral morph (short‐styled) expressed more leaf gelsemine than the pin morph (long‐styled). Leaf gelsemine concentrations were positively correlated with flower gelsemine; however, there were no correlations between gelsemine and other floral morphological traits. Trait expression influenced pollination more so than robbing. Thrums received two times less pollen than pins. Moreover, across both morphs, pollen receipt was lower in plants that expressed higher levels of leaf gelsemine in two sites. These results imply that traits associated with pollination and herbivore resistance may not be independent.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlations among traits associated with herbivore resistance and pollination: implications for pollination and nectar robbing in a distylous plant

Irwin

Adler

2006

American J of Botany

414

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“…Its structural elucidation was also a target for other groups worldwide, such as those of L. Marion, V. Prelog (ForMemRS 1962) and B. Witkop, but this objective was only finally realized by X-ray analysis (Lovell et al 1959). Although its unique and intricate hexacyclic cage structure immediately became an intriguing target for synthetic chemists, including 'TSS', almost 30 years later Liu & Lu (1988) were able to write, 'no total synthesis of this alkaloid has been reported nor is there any sign that anyone has gotten close'. Stevens and his colleagues were among the roll call of those to record a noble failure (25).…”

Section: Thomas Stevens Stevens 525mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thomas Stevens Stevens. 8 October 1900 – 13 November 2000

Haslam

Morris

2003

Biogr. Mems Fell. R. Soc.

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Born at Renfrew on 8 October 1900, Thomas Stevens Stevens (‘TSS’) was the only child of John and Jane Stevens. His father, a draughtsman and engineer, was production director of William Simons and Company Ltd of Renfrew, shipbuilders specializing in dredger construction. Before her marriage in 1898, his mother Jane (née Irving) was a schoolteacher. His upbringing was typically middle-class, and both parents gave every encouragement for their son to study. However, as a delicate asthmatic youngster Tom's early education was given, until the age of eight, at home by his mother—a fact held by many to be responsible for the seeds that brought forth his great love of language and his sensitive and wide-ranging intellect. Thereafter he attended Paisley Grammar School (1909–15) and the Glasgow Academy (1915–17). At Paisley Grammar School his attention was drawn by Joseph Towers, a teacher of English, and at the Glasgow Academy he delighted in the sardonic humour of G.L. Moffatt, who taught mathematics. Physics and chemistry had nevertheless captured his imagination and in the Academy he enjoyed the extensive opportunities that were provided for practical chemistry. It was a love and a boyish enthusiasm that he retained and continued to practise throughout his professional career. In a popular lecture that he gave in the 1950s, ‘The anatomy of the chemist’, Tommy includes the account given by the famous American teacher, Ira Remsen, of the most impressive experiment he had ever performed: ‘nitric acid acts upon copper’. The story ends, ‘… I drew my fingers across my trousers and another fact was discovered. Nitric acid acts on trousers…’. With its smells, fizzes and bangs it is surely a portrait of the young Stevens himself.

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“…It is highly poisonous, which is mainly attributed to its strong respiratory and neurological inhibitory effects. 1,2 Among more than 100 alkaloids isolated from the plant, koumine (LD 50 ~ 100 mg/kg mice intraperitoneally) is the most abundant but a less toxic alkaloid in G. elegans than gelsemine (LD 50 ~ 56 mg/kg mice intraperitoneally), which is the principal alkaloid in G. semperviren 3 and the only alkaloid common to both G. elegans and G. semperviren, 4 while gelsenicine (humantenmine) is the most toxic alkaloid (LD 50 ~ 0.2 mg/kg mice, intraperitoneally). [5][6][7] Due to its potent toxicity, the use of G. elegans as traditional medicine, also known as 鈎吻 ('Gou-wen', meaning lethal kiss) in China to treat pain, spasticity and skin ulcer, is limited to topical application only.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical manifestations and causes of gelsemium poisoning in Hong Kong from 2005 to 2017: Review of 33 cases

Chow

Tse

2018

Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine

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Background: Gelsemium elegans is an extremely toxic plant, but gelsemium poisoning is seldom reported in the English literature. Objectives: To evaluate the clinical manifestations and causes of gelsemium poisoning in Hong Kong. Methods: A retrospective review of gelsemium poisoning recorded by the Hong Kong Poison Information Centre from 2005 to 2017. Results: In total, 33 cases (55% female, median age 44 (interquartile range: 30–56)) were identified in 14 incidences. Consumption of contaminated Ficus hirta (五指毛桃) soup is the commonest cause (52%). Other causes include misidentification of herbs (12%), consumption of parasitic plant Cassytha filiformis (無根藤) (15%) and suicidal ingestion of Gelsemium elegans (斷腸草) (3%). Most patients (94%) had mild to moderate toxicity, with one fatal case and one severe case presented with coma and respiratory depression. All patients complained of dizziness (100%), followed by visual blurring (34%) and nausea (28%). More than half (53%) had ocular manifestations (e.g. visual blurring, ptosis, nystagmus, diplopia) which are not commonly reported in other herbal poisoning. The time of symptom onset was early (median: 50 min (interquartile range: 30–60)) and all occurred within 2 h after oral intake. Most patients (94%) recovered uneventfully with conservative treatment. Conclusion: Most gelsemium poisoning in Hong Kong was due to contamination or misidentification. Early-onset dizziness (<2 h) with ocular symptoms after herbs consumption highly suggests Gelsemium poisoning. Good supportive care, particularly respiratory support, is the mainstay of management. Early recognition and the corresponding preventive measures would be useful.

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Chapter 2 Gelsemium Alkaloids

Cited by 17 publications

References 33 publications

Correlations among traits associated with herbivore resistance and pollination: implications for pollination and nectar robbing in a distylous plant

Correlations among traits associated with herbivore resistance and pollination: implications for pollination and nectar robbing in a distylous plant

Thomas Stevens Stevens. 8 October 1900 – 13 November 2000

Clinical manifestations and causes of gelsemium poisoning in Hong Kong from 2005 to 2017: Review of 33 cases

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