Chapter 2: Design of climate respiration chambers, adjustable to the metabolic mass of subjects

Heetkamp, M.J.W.; Alferink, S.J.J.; Zandstra, T.; Hendriks, Peter; Brand, H. van den; Gerrits, W.J.J.

doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-261-0_2

Cited by 26 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Upon arrival, eggs were placed in one climate respiration chamber per treatment. In climate respiration chambers, climate conditions such as temperature, relative humidity, and CO 2 levels can be controlled strictly in an airtight situation [24]). Three regimes with 310 eggs each (to allow for an estimated hatchability of 80%) were used for incubation: 24L; an intermittent light-dark schedule (12L:12D) that started with the light period on embryonic day (E)0; or 24D.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light-dark rhythms during incubation of broiler chicken embryos and their effects on embryonic and post hatch leg bone development

et al. 2019

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There are indications that lighting schedules applied during incubation can affect leg health at hatching and during rearing. The current experiment studied effects of lighting schedule: continuous light (24L), 12 hours of light, followed by 12 hours of darkness (12L:12D), or continuous darkness (24D) throughout incubation of broiler chicken eggs on the development and strength of leg bones, and the role of selected hormones in bone development. In the tibiatarsus and femur, growth and ossification during incubation and size and microstructure at day (D)0, D21, and D35 post hatching were measured. Plasma melatonin, growth hormone, and IGF-I were determined perinatally. Incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia, a leg pathology resulting from poor ossification at the bone’s epiphyseal plates, was determined at slaughter on D35. 24L resulted in lower embryonic ossification at embryonic day (E)13 and E14, and lower femur length, and lower tibiatarsus weight, length, cortical area, second moment of area around the minor axis, and mean cortical thickness at hatching on D0 compared to 12L:12D especially. Results were long term, with lower femur weight and tibiatarsus length, cortical and medullary area of the tibiatarsus, and second moment of area around the minor axis, and a higher incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia for 24L. Growth hormone at D0 was higher for 24D than for 12L:12D, with 24L intermediate, but plasma melatonin and IGF-I did not differ between treatments, and the role of plasma melatonin, IGF-I, and growth hormone in this process was therefore not clear. To conclude, in the current experiment, 24L during incubation of chicken eggs had a detrimental effect on embryonic leg bone development and later life leg bone strength compared to 24D and 12L:12D, while the light-dark rhythm of 12L:12D may have a stimulating effect on leg health.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light-dark rhythms during incubation of broiler chicken embryos and their effects on embryonic and post hatch leg bone development

et al. 2019

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“…The CRC was maintained at overpressure (50-100 Pa) to prevent unfiltered air influx, and to maintain hygiene. More information on CRC can be found in Heetkamp et al (2015). For experiment 1, 600 chickens in total (i.e.…”

Section: Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective breeding on natural antibodies in chickens

Berghof¹

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9 (i.e. total KLH-binding NAb titers) will result in similar responses of the other NAb (iso)types. The GWAS were performed with 57,636 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) for total KLH-binding NAb titers, and for the isotypes IgM, IgA, and IgG on 1,628 white purebred laying chickens of the same line as the base population. One genomic region was significantly associated to KLH-binding IgM NAb titers, and to a lesser extent to total KLH-binding NAb titers. The region showed full dominance, and had a major effect on IgM. This region is located on chromosome 4, and contained two Toll-like receptors (TLR). To further characterize the found association, total antibody concentration, and antibody concentrations of the isotypes IgM, IgA, and IgG were measured as well, and GWAS were performed. One genomic region, the same as identified before, was significantly associated to IgM antibody concentration. Full sequence data of key ancestors of the study population allowed imputation to full genome sequence for further association: 16 candidate genes were identified. SNP located in coding regions of these candidate genes were checked for predicted changes in protein functioning. One SNP, a C/G polymorphism at 69,965,939 base pairs (Gallus_gallus-5.0), received the maximum impact score from two independent prediction tools, which makes this SNP the most likely causal variant. The C-variant had an allele frequency of 0.45, showed a dominant mode of gene action, and was associated with high IgM levels. The G-variant had an allele frequency of 0.55, and was associated with low IgM levels. This SNP is located in TLR1A, which suggests a fundamental role of TLR1A on regulation of IgM levels, or B cells, or both.

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“…Consequently, the experimental period started 1 d later for DF-pigs than for NF-pigs. Each chamber (27) contained one pen of 1•75 × 2•85 m with 40 % slatted floor. Temperature was maintained at 20°C and relative humidity at 65 %.…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The equipment that was used to perform the gas exchange measurements is in detail described by Heetkamp et al (27) . A CO 2 recovery test was performed as a full system check, prior to the start of the experiment (27) . In the four chambers, 100•3, 100•2, 100•3 and 99•9 % of CO 2 released were recovered.…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian misalignment imposed by nocturnal feeding tends to increase fat deposition in pigs

et al. 2019

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Misalignment of day/night and feeding rhythms has been shown to increase fat deposition and the risk for metabolic disorders in humans and rodents. In most studies, however, food intake and intake patterns are not controlled. We studied the effects of circadian misalignment on energy expenditure in pigs while controlling for food intake as well as intake patterns. Twelve groups of five male pigs were housed in respiration chambers and fed either during the day (10.00–18.00 hours; DF) or night (22.00–06.00 hours; NF), bihourly the same sequential meals, representing 15, 10, 25, 30 and 20 % of the daily allowance. Paired feeding was applied to ensure equal gross energy intake between treatments. Apparent total tract digestibility, energy balances and heat partitioning were measured and analysed using a mixed linear model. Apparent total tract energy and DM digestibility tended to be lower for NF-pigs than DF-pigs (P < 0·10). Heat production was 3 % lower for NF-pigs than DF-pigs (P < 0·026), increasing fat retention by 7 % in NF-pigs (P = 0·050). NF-pigs were less active than DF-pigs during the feeding period, but more active during the fasting period. RMR was greater for DF-pigs than NF-pigs during the fasting period. Methane production was 30 % greater in NF-pigs than DF-pigs (P < 0·001). In conclusion, circadian misalignment has little effect on nutrient digestion, but alters nutrient partitioning, ultimately increasing fat deposition. The causality of the association between circadian misalignment and methane production rates remains to be investigated.

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Chapter 2: Design of climate respiration chambers, adjustable to the metabolic mass of subjects

Cited by 26 publications

References 18 publications

Light-dark rhythms during incubation of broiler chicken embryos and their effects on embryonic and post hatch leg bone development

Light-dark rhythms during incubation of broiler chicken embryos and their effects on embryonic and post hatch leg bone development

Selective breeding on natural antibodies in chickens

Circadian misalignment imposed by nocturnal feeding tends to increase fat deposition in pigs

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