Chapter 13 Recent Advances and Future Needs in Environmental Virology

Wong, Mark; Xagoraraki, Irene; Rose, Joan B.

doi:10.1016/s0168-7069(07)17013-0

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 96 publications

(67 reference statements)

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Traditionally, public health monitoring is conducted at the individual patient level. However, increasing urbanization and high frequency of travelling between different geographical regions necessitate a more proactive public health surveillance (Wong et al 2007). Surveillance of community wastewater can thus be a logical approach to assess the circulation of human pathogenic viruses in a given community and may reveal the occurrence of asymptomatic viral infections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental surveillance and molecular characterization of human enteric viruses in tropical urban wastewaters

Gin

2010

Journal of Applied Microbiology

102

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Aims: To study the prevalence and genotypes of waterborne pathogenic viruses in urban wastewaters in the tropical region. Methods and Results: Viruses in wastewaters collected at three water reclamation plants in Singapore were studied by molecular methods. Over a 6‐month sampling period, adenoviruses, astroviruses and both norovirus genogroups I (GI) and II (GII) were detected in 100% of the sewage and secondary effluent. Enteroviruses and hepatitis A viruses (HAV) were found in 94 and 78% of sewage, and 89 and 28% of secondary effluent, respectively. By using quantitative real‐time PCR, estimated concentrations of astrovirus in the sewage were 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than those for adenovirus, noroviruses GI and GII. Genotyping of environmental isolates revealed multiple genotypes of GI and GII noroviruses. Coxsackieviruses A, astrovirus type 1 and adenovirus type 41 were prevalent. Norovirus GII/4 and coxsackievirus A24 isolates in wastewaters were closely related to respective outbreak strains isolated previously in Singapore. Conclusions: This study showed the widespread occurrence of all tested enteric virus groups in urban wastewaters. Genetic diversity of astroviruses, enteroviruses and noroviruses in the tropical region was observed. Significance and Impact of the Study: The high prevalence and great genetic diversity of human enteric viruses in urban wastewaters strongly supports the need of further comprehensive studies for evaluating the public health risk associated with viral pathogens in water environments.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental surveillance and molecular characterization of human enteric viruses in tropical urban wastewaters

Gin

2010

Journal of Applied Microbiology

102

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“…Traditionally, public health monitoring is conducted at the individual patient level. However, increasing urbanization and high frequency of traveling between different geographical regions necessitate a more proactive public health surveillance (Wong et al, 2007). Surveillance of environmental water samples, particularly community wastewater, can thus be a logical approach to assess the circulation of human pathogenic viruses in a given community and may reveal the occurrence of asymptomatic viral infections.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A current limitation of DNA microarrays is that they do not offer the low detection levels available by PCR and thus, this technology may not be suitable for the direct detection of low concentrations of enteric viruses in environmental matrices. Nevertheless, current microarray technology coupled with PCR or cell culture may be useful for monitoring genetic variability of enteric viruses for epidemiology and microbial source tracking studies (Wong et al, 2007). There is an increasing trend focused on developing and adapting microarrays for the detection and genotyping of enteric viruses in clinical samples (Chizhikov et al, 2002;Wang et al, 2002;Jaaskelainen and Maunula 2006;Brown et al, 2008 viral particles per gram of stool (Farthing 1989).…”

Section: Dna Microarraysmentioning

confidence: 99%

The occurrence and molecular characterization of enteric viruses in the tropical aquatic environment

Aw¹

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, for their stimulating discussions, lots of laughter and some much needed day to day support. I owe my deepest gratitude to them for celebrating my birthday all these years. Thanks buddies, keep up the good work! I am thankful to Dr Ke Jingxia for working late with me in the laboratory during my first two years of study and listening to my frustrations when my experiments were failed. Special thanks go to my colleague cum concert buddy, Shu Harn, for her interesting discussions not only about research, but also about wonderful music and opera. Who says Ph.D. is boring with just experiments! I am also grateful to her for helping me with the statistical analysis. Special thanks go to NTU which provides me state-of-the-art research facilities and a teaching assistantship for my second year of study. I thank technical staffs in the Environment Laboratory, especially Aidil Bin Md Idris for his assistance with water sample collection and transportation. I convey special acknowledgement to Melissa Chong for her indispensable help dealing with laboratory matters and research accounts. I am thankful to Ng Soo Ching from the graduate office for her kind help of the administration matters. I would like to acknowledge Public Utilities Board (PUB), Singapore, for providing research grant and scholarship for my Ph.D. program. I owe my profound gratitude to Dr. Lynette Oon Lin Ean and Dr. Eileen Chen Xueqin from the Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital for their collaboration in norovirus diagnostic during gastroenteritis outbreaks. Special thanks also go to Professor Albert Bosch from the University of Barcelona for providing astrovirus strain and DSO National Laboratories for providing norovirus plasmids.

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