Chapter 12 Survey of Oil-Shale Research in the Last Three Decades

Oil Shales in the World and Turkey; Reserves, Current Situation and Future Prospects: A Review

“…Most of this amount was utilized for power generation and heating and the rest was retorted to produce 151,000 tons of shale oil. These recent figures also imply that Estonia is still the leading country in oil shale utilization [15,17,25,26].…”

“…Oil shale was mined until the 1950's and annual production of about 1.5 million tons was achieved in these years. However, operations closed by 1957 due to economic reasons [26]. Studies of oil shales started in Scotland during the mid 1800's.…”

“…The amount of oil shale processed for oil production reached 3.3 million tons in 1913. Production continued from 1881 to 1955, when it started to decline, and completely ceased in 1962 due to non-competitive oil distillation and retorting costs [26].…”

“…On account of the growing population and increasing industrialization, the rapid growth of energy consumption was predicted to continue for the next 15 years. On the other hand, energy production in the country was 26 Mtoe in 2001 and this supplied only 33% of the total demand [1,3]. Energy imports cover the wide gap between demand and supply and is a considerable burden on the country's economics.…”

Buddingtonite (NH4-feldspar) in the Condor Oilshale Deposit, Queensland, Australia

“…Consequently, assuming these deposits developed in a stratified lake system similar to that proposed by Smith and Lee (1982) for the oilshales of the Piceance Creek Basin, much of the strata at Condor apparently accumulated in the mud below the monimolimnion where life was all but inhibited and ammonium concentrated, whereas at Rundle the water depth was somewhat shallower and frequent contact of the bottom mud with oxic water of the mixolimnion permitted survival of some benthonic life forms and facilitated loss of much of the ammonium. Nevertheless, it should be noted that to date buddingtonite has not been recognized in the Green River oilshales although according to Prien (1976), oil recovered from these rocks does have an unusually high nitrogen content.…”