Oil Shales in the World and Turkey; Reserves, Current Situation and Future Prospects: A Review

Altun, N. Emre; Hiçyılmaz, Cahit; Hwang, Jiann Yang; Bagci, A. Suat; Kök, Mustafa Verşan

doi:10.3176/oil.2006.3.02

Cited by 97 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…Oil shale, which is a sedimentary rock containing kerogen and certain minerals, has the second largest abundant reserves among all fossil fuels in the world if converted into heat [1][2][3][4][5]. With the shortage of conventional energy resources and the high energy prices, developing an effective and economic retorting process to obtain oil and gases from oil shale as an alternative energy source has been the focus of many countries rich in oil shale, including China [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Gas Flow Distribution and Pressure Drop in Xinjiang Oil Shale Retort

Pan¹,

Dai²,

Huang³

et al. 2015

Oil Shale

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Xinjiang oil shale retort is a new type of retorting device developed for exploiting Xinjiang oil shale according to the rock characteristics. Knowledge of the gas flow distribution in the retorting zone and the pressure drops across the retort is important to increase production rate and achieve the stable operation of the retort. In this paper, the structure and working principle of Xinjiang oil shale retort are introduced. The gas flow distribution in the retorting zone and the pressure drops across the retort system were investigated through a three-dimensional cold model of the retort. It was found that the distribution of vertical velocities of gas flow became more uniform with the increase of gas flow rate and bed depth. The optimal cold recycled gas amount is about 10% of the amount of hot recycled gas. In general, the results show that the gas flow distribution in the retorting zone is maldistribution, and the gas inlet structure should be modified. The empirical constants of the Ergun equation for the retort were determined, and the pressure drops across the retort were predicted and verified.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Gas Flow Distribution and Pressure Drop in Xinjiang Oil Shale Retort

Pan¹,

Dai²,

Huang³

et al. 2015

Oil Shale

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“…During the past few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the utilization of these bituminous rock deposits as an alternative energy source [8]. Knowledge about the mineralogy and trace element distribution in raw bituminous rocks after retorting is highly important for various exploitation programs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal and Mineralogical Studies of Moroccan Rif Bituminous Rocks

Groune¹,

Halim²,

Arsalane³

2013

Oil Shale

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A study was conducted on four bituminous rock samples from Tangier, Tetouan, Bab Taza and Arba Ayach deposits (samples TA, TE, BT, AA, respectively) in the Rif region of northern Morocco. The study was carried out using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XFR), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrum analysis (SEM-EDX).The results obtained by these methods showed that the organic part of TA, TE, BT and AA samples was 5.59 wt%, 6.73 wt%, 4.77 wt% and 7.53 wt%, respectively. Therefore these bituminous rocks can be considered a perspective energy resource. The dominant mineral phase in all samples is quartz (70. 04-84.46 wt%). Clay minerals (illite, chlorite) and other mineral components are present in different low-weight proportions.

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“…With the increasing consumption of conventional fossil fuels, especially petroleum and natural gas, many countries have had to explore unconventional resources to increase energy supply [1,2]. Oil shale is a kind of rock rich in kerogen and is regarded as supplementary resource of petroleum [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic Conversion of Oil Shale over Fe or Ni Catalysts under Sub-Critical Water

Che,

Wu,

Shen

et al. 2024

Processes

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Sub-critical water is an environment-friendly solvent. It is widely used for the extraction of various organic compounds. It can be used to dissolve and transport organic matter in oil shale. In this study, the conversion of oil shale was synergistically catalyzed by the addition of Fe or Ni to the Fe inherent in samples under sub-critical water conditions. Oil shale can be converted to gas, oil and residues of oil. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis results presented that the weight loss of raw oil shale was up to 15.85%. After sub-critical water extraction, the weight loss rate of the residues was reduced to 8.41%. With the application of a metal catalyst, Fe or Ni, the weight loss of residues was further reduced to 7.43% and 6.57%, respectively. According to DTG curves, it was found that there were two weight-loss rate peaks. The decomposition process of kerogen in oil shale could be divided into two cracking processes. One is decomposed at a high velocity at around 420 °C, and another is decomposed at a low velocity at around 515 °C. Gas chromatography (GC) results of gas products indicated that Fe or Ni could contribute to producing normal alkanes, such as methane, ethane, propane, etc., which are produced by the hydrogenation of alkenes via hydrogen transfer during the conversion process of kerogen. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was conducted to analyze the components of the liquid products. The results showed that n-alkanes, iso-alkane, oxygenated hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds were the major components of the kerogen cracking products. When Ni was introduced as a catalyst, the contents of aromatic compounds and oxygenated hydrocarbons in the liquid products were increased from 19.55% and 6.87% to 22.38% and 13.77%, respectively. This is due to the synergistic effect of the addition of Ni with the inherent Fe in oil shale under sub-critical water which ensures kerogen is more easily cracked to produce aromatic compounds and oxygenated hydrocarbons.

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Oil Shales in the World and Turkey; Reserves, Current Situation and Future Prospects: A Review

Cited by 97 publications

References 22 publications

Investigation of the Gas Flow Distribution and Pressure Drop in Xinjiang Oil Shale Retort

Investigation of the Gas Flow Distribution and Pressure Drop in Xinjiang Oil Shale Retort

Thermal and Mineralogical Studies of Moroccan Rif Bituminous Rocks

Catalytic Conversion of Oil Shale over Fe or Ni Catalysts under Sub-Critical Water

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