“…Although heavily promoted (Womack et al , 1990; Cooper and Slagmulder, 1997, 1999) much research has been very critical regarding the credibility of the claims made by Womack et al (1990) (especially) and several other proponents of “lean”. Claims for the general superiority of lean production over all other systems or approaches have been convincingly rejected and a number of severe negative side effects of “lean production” documented (Berggren, 1992, 1993; Cusumano, 1994; Jürgens, 1995; Morris and Wilkinson, 1995; Williams et al , 1995; Katayama and Bennett, 1996; James‐Moore and Gibbons, 1997; Benders and van Bijsterveld, 2000; Lewis, 2000; Boyer and Freyssenet, 2002; Cooney, 2002). In general, (critical) research has acknowledged that measures promoted under the label “lean production/manufacturing” (or “Toyota production system”) can be advantageous, depending on circumstances, and it has also substantially enriched the understanding of the impacts of “lean production”.…”