Changing the Paradigm-Controlling Polymer Morphology during 3D Printing Defines Properties

Silva, Daniel P. da; Pinheiro, João Pedro; Abdulghani, Saba; Lorger, Christina Kamma; Martínez, Juan Carlos; Solano, Eduardo; Mateus, Artur; Pascoal‐Faria, Paula; Mitchell, Geoffrey R.

doi:10.3390/polym14091638

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…As part of a major project to fully understand all aspects of 3D printing, we performed small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments on parts prepared in this manner on the NCD-SWEET beamline at the ALBA Synchrotron Light Source in Barcelona, Spain. We designed and built a 3D printer which can be mounted on the ALBA NCD-SWEET beamline so we can follow the structural development in real time [2]. We will show examples of how the printing parameters affect the structure and morphology, we will describe the experiments which have been performed, and we will discuss the type of information we have been able to extract.…”

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Controlling Morphological Development during Additive Manufacturing: A Route to the Mapping of Properties

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Controlling Morphological Development during Additive Manufacturing: A Route to the Mapping of Properties

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“…To add value to recycled waste requires the use of innovative product design and material processing technology. 3d printing has the ability to meet such demands [15]. Figure 1 shows some of the steps in the transformation of marine waste to marine products by 3d printing.…”

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Circular Seas - The Next Challenge for Plastics

Mitchell

2022

PSPRJ

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The 20 th century was dominated by the development of plastics. Walker has described plastics as the building blocks of the 20 th century [1]. The ingenuity of polymer chemists to prepare polymers tailored for particular applications ranging from the safe transport of water and electricity, through affordable household goods and lightweight cars to medical applications, coupled with development of high through put manufacturing technologies such as film blowing, fibre spinning, and injection molding have powered these developments. In the late twentieth century, there was a growing realization of the downside of widely available durable plastic goods. There are two strands to this downside. The first is focused on the impact of the production, use and disposal of plastics on the atmosphere, in particular the contribution to Global Warming and Climate Change. It is interesting to note that Global Warming and Plastics have a rather similar timeline in terms of scientific discovery. The start of the plastics revolution is associated with the work of Baekeland in developing Bakelite [2] and not long afterwards Staudinger published his groundbreaking work on the concept of long chain polymers [3,4]. At the start of the 20 th century Svante Arrhenius had highlighted in his Nobel Laureate Address that carbon dioxide may play a part in fixing the temperature of the earth [5]. In 1938 Guy Callendar published a paper "The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature", he also attempted to attribute the rise in global temperatures in the first part of the century to increase levels of carbon dioxide [6]. In the 1950s there were great strides in Global models of the atmosphere and by 1975 Wallace Broecker published a scientific paper titled "Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?" [7]. This introduced the phrase "Global Warming" for the first time which led to an acceleration in the focus on climate change. In 1988 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was launched at the United Nations, and it has been publishing reports ever since then and it is now its sixth assessment exercise to inform the 2023 Global Stock take by the UN on progress towards the Paris Accord to limit Global Warming to 2.0 °C [8]. A recent publication by Cabernard et al. [9] shows that carbon dioxide equivalent emissions from plastic production and use continue to grow and in 1995 they contributed 4.5% of all emissions. There is much public call for the reduction in the use of plastics, but in part the reduction in carbon dioxide equivalent emissions can be reduced by reversing the shift to coal-based power and move towards the use of clean energy such as direct solar power. Although much attention has been directed at reducing the carbon footprint, the last third of the 20 th Century saw the revelation of a major catastrophe for the oceans. In the late 1960s the first evidence for marine pollution by plastics was reported in the scientific literature [10], in the form of plastic parts recovered from the ...

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