Changing hepatitis A epidemiology in the European Union: new challenges and opportunities

Abstract

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Demographic Study on Hepatitis A Infections among Outpatients of Selected Hospitals within Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria

“…Also, the use of anti-HAV-IgG immunoenzymatic assay in the previous study and anti IgM kits in this study might have contributed to the difference in the two results. The result of this study is also similar to the trend reported among food handlers in Khartoum locality, Sudan (4.40%) and 37.25% in central Karnataka, India with same category of endemicity but varying prevalence rates [7,22,26]. This similarity could be attributed to the general downward trend in the global seroprevalence of HAV infections in most countries of the world.…”

“…The 0.67% prevalence rate obtained in this study is classified as hypoendemicity. The HAV endemicity rates were defined as: Low = ≤ 50% intermediate = 51-89%, High = ≥ 90% [22]. This revealed a similar trend dropping from a previous report of 7.2% among young adolescent and school children in Kaduna in 2013 to the present rate [2,22].…”

“…The HAV endemicity rates were defined as: Low = ≤ 50% intermediate = 51-89%, High = ≥ 90% [22]. This revealed a similar trend dropping from a previous report of 7.2% among young adolescent and school children in Kaduna in 2013 to the present rate [2,22]. This low prevalence rate could suggest effective used of available HAV vaccines among the inhabitants of the City.…”

“…There were no statistically significance associations between the subject's levels of formal education and anti-HAV positivity respectively (P ≤ 0.66, P ≤ 0.30, P ≤ 0.43, P ≤ 0.82) ( Table 7). tion defined as: Low = 50% intermediate = 51-89%, High = ≥ 90% [22]. The remaining 298 (99.33%) samples were negative for the HAV antibody ( Table 8).…”

Epidemiological Study of Hepatitis A Infection in Eastern Bulgaria

“…In rare cases HAV can be transmitted via infected blood of asymptomatic donors and people in incubation period. 2 Despite the clinical form of the disease (asymptomatic, subclinical, symptomatic or fulminant), the sick person with acute infection is the reservoir for spreading of the infection. In the late incubation period (1-2 weeks before the onset of prodromal symptoms) and during the fi rst week after the onset of jaundice, the virus is released with the feces in concentrations higher than 10 8 particles in 1 ml.…”