Confirmed variants of enterobacteriaceae isolated from 143 patients that attended MurtalaMohammed Specialist Hospital Kano, were screened for extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) production using Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoint. Suspected ESBLs producers were subjected to confirmation using Disc Replacement Method (DRM). Standard discs of augmentin {AMC 30μg (Oxoid, England)}, ceftriaxone {AUF 30μg (Oxoid, England)} and ceftazidime {RP 30μg (Oxoid, England)} were used in the screening. Of the 143 isolates screened, 114 (79.72%) were Gram negative isolates belonging to the family enterobacteriaceae. Among the enterobacteriaceae isolates screened, the results of CLSI breakpoint test showed that 76 (66.7%) were ESBLs producers viz: Citrobacter spp.

Over the last few years, the increase in the number of multi-resistant (MR) enterobacteria has become a major clinical problem. This study detects the occurrence and prevalence of Metallo betalactamase production among some clinical bacterial isolates in Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital, Kano and Al-Madina Specialist Hospital Kaduna, Nigeria. A total of 200 clinical isolates comprising of E. coli (83), Klebsiella pneumoniae (52), Pseusomonas aeruginosa (28) and Proteus mirabilis (37) were screened phenotypically for carbapenemase and specifically for Metallo betalactamase using Modified Hodges Test and EDTA Disc Synergy Test respectively. The result showed that 67(33.5%) of the isolates were found to produce carbapenemase. High production occurred in 24(35.8%) and low production occurred in 43(64.2%) of the isolates. Highest prevalence of carbapenemase was found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38.55%) followed by E. coli (34.8%), Proteus mirabilis. (29.1%) and least prevalence in Klebsiella pneumoniae (25.0%). The prevalence of MBLs in the study was 24.5% with highest prevalence in E. coli (31.32%) followed by Proteus mirabilis. (21.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21.2%) and least among Klebsiella pneumoniae. (14.3%). Most of carbapenemase producers produce MBL type. Urine samples were found to be with the highest prevalence of 38.3% when compared with ear swab (12.0%). Prevalence of 67.9% and 76.9% were recorded for Murtala Muhammad specialist hospital Kano and Al-madina hospital Kaduna respectively. This showed that carbapenemase-mediated resistance occurred in the selected hospitals and uncontrolled spread may lead to treatment failure and frustration.

Powdered leaves of Carica papaya (L.) were extracted with ethanol and partitioned in chloroform and distilled water. The extract and fractions were tested for antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas species using disc diffusion and microbroth dilution technique. The extract and fractions were further subjected to phytochemical tests for the presence of secondary metabolites using standard procedures. Results of sensitivity test results showed that ethanol extract of the leaf was active against E. coli and K. pneumoniae (7mm each) at 1000µg/disc concentration while chloroform and water fractions of the leaf were active against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis at 1000µg/disc concentration with zone diameter of 7mm each. Both the extract and fractions were inactive against P. aeruginosa at all concentrations used in this study. The results of phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and tannins in either ethanol extract, fraction(s) or both. This indicates that the Carica papaya has the potential for the production of drugs against organisms causing urinary tract infections.

Dried leaves of Chrozophora senegalensis were extracted with acetone and hexane respectively using percolation method. The crude leaf extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening for the presence of secondary metabolites using standard procedures. The inhibitory activities of the extracts were tested against clinical bacterial isolates of E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. using disc diffusion and broth dilution techniques. The results of phytochemical screening have demonstrated the presence of alkaloids, reducing sugars, tannins and saponins in acetone extracts while hexane extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids and saponins only. The result of antibacterial activity indicated that all the test isolates were sensitive to hexane extracts while Proteus spp. was the only isolate sensitive to Acetone extracts at equal concentration of 30µg/disc. Apart from Salmonella spp. which had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 500 and 1000µg/ml, the MIC and MBC of the remaining isolates were greater than the highest concentration 2000µg/ml used in this study.

Leaves of Psidium guajava was extracted with water, ethanol and chloroform using percolation technique. The extracts were subjected to thin layer chromatography, bioactivity and toxicity studies as well as GC-MS analysis. The TLC chromatogram revealed 3, 4 and 6 bands respectively for the water, ethanolic and chloroform extracts. Contact bio extracts against the tested bacteria showed that, out of the thirteen (13) fractions tested only one (1) showed activity on the test bacteria (Rf3).The fraction was active against all the tested bacteria with strong zones of inhibition against S. Paratyph against S. Typhi. S. typhi showed slight sensitivity, S. paratyphi moderately sensitive, while S. paratyphi B showed strong sensitivity. the extracts were toxic in the order of chloroform extracts ethanolic extracts (39.903µg/mL) was conducted on the most active fraction (Rf3).In the total ion chromatograms (TI constituents including fatty acids, heterocyclic compounds and esters among others were found. The major constituents successfully matched and identified were Oleic acid (Peak 6, 35.56% peak area), Palmitic acid (Peak 2, 20.26% peak area)and were all r