Changes in Zinc and Copper Concentrations in Breast Milk and Blood of Japanese Women during Lactation.

Ohtake, Masakazu; Tamura, Tsunenobu

doi:10.3177/jnsv.39.189

Cited by 28 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…The plasma zinc level was a little lower than the level of 960 mgal reported for healthy North American adults (Halsted & Smith, 1970) but higher than the level of 253± 773 mgal reported for Zairian mothers (Arnaud et al, 1994). Ohtake & Tamura (1993) found that zinc plasma concentration increased with time after birth, which was con®rmed in this study. According to Shrimpton (1993), after birth the catabolism of uterine tissue contributes to circulating zinc levels.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Moderate zinc and vitamin A deficiency in breast milk of mothers from East-Jakarta

et al. 1998

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Objective: To gain information about the micronutrient status of urban, middle-income, breast-feeding mothers in relation to zinc and selected fat-soluble vitamins in plasma and breast milk and to assess possible interaction between the measured micronutrients. Design: Cross-sectional study Subjects: 91 mothers and their infants living in middle-income areas of Jakarta, Indonesia Results: None of the measured anthropometric data of the mothers (e.g. BMI: 22.0 AE 3.1 kgam 2 ) and their infants (birth weight: 3.2AE 0.5 kg) gave any indication of undernutrition. The mean concentrations in blood were 124 AE 18 gal for hemoglobin, 385 AE 111 mgal for retinol, 34AE 23 mgal for a-carotene, 104AE 72 mgal for bcarotene, 7.7 AE 3.3 mgal for a-tocopherol, 0.57 AE 0.23 mgal for g-tocopherol, 855AE 242 mgal for zinc, and the median concentration of lycopene was 29 mgal. The median breast milk concentrations were 420 mgal for retinol, 7.8 mgal for b-carotene, and 2.7 mgal for zinc. With increased duration of lactation, vitamin A and zinc concentrations signi®cantly decreased in breast milk whereas plasma zinc concentration increased. Plasma a-and b-carotene were positively correlated (P`0.0001) with each other and with plasma lycopene. Breast milk bcarotene was positively correlated with breast milk retinol and with plasma b-carotene (P`0.0001). There was no correlation between zinc and vitamin A in either breast milk or plasma. Forty per cent of the mothers were anemic, 29.1% had a low plasma zinc concentration, and 23.7% had a moderately low plasma vitamin A concentration. Breast milk from 70% of the women had a low concentration of vitamin A and that from 66% had a low concentration of zinc. Conclusions: Multi-micronutrient intervention should be considered to provide a suf®cient supply of zinc and vitamin A for growth of exclusively breast-fed infants.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Moderate zinc and vitamin A deficiency in breast milk of mothers from East-Jakarta

et al. 1998

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“…The reason for these changes is unknown. These observations may suggest that newborn infants require larger amounts of these minerals due to the lower volume of milk intake in their early life (26). In our study, the mean concentration of copper in human milk was, at all times, lower than the intake recommended by CON/AAP and ESPGHAN (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal Study on Trace Mineral Compositions (Selenium, Zinc, Copper, Manganese) in Korean Human Preterm Milk

et al. 2012

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We measured selenium, zinc, copper and manganese concentrations in the human milk of Korean mothers who gave birth to preterm infants, and compared these measurements with the recommended daily intakes. The samples of human milk were collected postpartum at week-1, -2, -4, -6, -8, and -12, from 67 mothers who gave birth to preterm infants (< 34 weeks, or birth weight < 1.8 kg). All samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The concentrations of selenium were 11.8 ± 0.5, 11.4 ± 0.8, 12.7 ± 0.9, 11.4 ± 0.8, 10.8 ± 0.9, and 10.5 ± 1.3 µg/L, zinc were 7.8 ± 0.5, 9.1 ± 0.8, 7.2 ± 0.9, 8.0 ± 0.8, 7.4 ± 0.9, and 6.6 ± 1.2 mg/L, copper were 506 ± 23.6, 489 ± 29.4, 384 ± 33.6, 356 ± 32.9, 303 ± 35.0, and 301 ± 48.0 µg/L and manganese were 133 ± 4.0, 127 ± 6.0, 125 ± 6.0, 123 ± 6.0, 127 ± 6.0, and 108 ± 9.0 µg/L at week-1, -2, -4, -6, -8, and -12, respectively. The concentrations of selenium and zinc meet the daily requirements but that of copper is low and of manganese exceeds daily requirements recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition.

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“…The rapid decline in milk zinc levels makes it dif®cult to compare the results of the present study with those of others. It is, therefore, also dif®cult to establish normal limits for milk zinc concentrations (Casey et al, 1989;Ohtake and Tamura, 1993;Prasad, 1996). This is especially true for transition milk given that published limits are for mature milk only.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is especially true for transition milk given that published limits are for mature milk only. Ohtake and Tamura (1993) and Lehti (1990) have shown that maternal milk provides babies with intakes of zinc markedly lower than those recommended. With this in mind, and in order that children receive the correct quantity of zinc for their age, Lehti (1990) established 53.7 mmolaL zinc as the normal lower limit for maternal milk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc levels in maternal milk: the influence of nutritional status with respect to zinc during the third trimester of pregnancy

et al. 1997

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Objective: To study the relationship between nutritional status with respect to zinc during the third trimester of pregnancy and levels of the same mineral in transition milk (days 13 and 14 of lactation) and mature milk (day 40 of lactation). Design: Longitudinal study. Subjects: A group of 57 healthy, lactating mothers aged between 18 and 35 y (27 AE 3.7) whose pregnancy and labour were attended by the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Cuenca INSALUD Hospital, Spain. Interventions: Zinc intake during the third trimester was determined by recording the consumption of foods over a ®ve day period and by registering zinc provided by dietary supplements. Zinc levels in maternal serum during this stage of pregnancy, and in transition and mature milk, were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results: During pregnancy all subjects showed zinc intakes lower than those recommended. Only one pregnant subject took a supplement that provided extra zinc (1 mgad). Subjects with an intake of lower than 50% of that recommended (L) (43.9%) showed signi®cantly lower serum and mature milk zinc levels than did those with higher intakes (H) (56.1%) [12.0 AE 1.5 mmolaL and 28.7 AE 6.2 mmolaL compared to 13.3 AE 2.6 mmolaL and 33.1 AE 8.0 mmolaL respectively]. 56% of L subjects and 28.6% of H subjects showed serum zinc levels of less than 12.2 mmolaL. 8% of L subjects and no H subjects showed less than 11.5 mmolaL of zinc in maternal milk. Conclusions: The diet conditions maternal serum zinc levels during pregnancy and those of milk during lactation. Though all subjects showed intakes clearly below those recommended, low levels in serum or milk were much rarer. These results support the idea that there is a need to reset the limits of normality for serum and milk zinc levels. Further work in this area may con®rm that the present recommended intakes of zinc be modi®ed. Sponsporship: This work was supported by the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias de la Seguridad Social (FISss).

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Changes in Zinc and Copper Concentrations in Breast Milk and Blood of Japanese Women during Lactation.

Cited by 28 publications

References 48 publications

Moderate zinc and vitamin A deficiency in breast milk of mothers from East-Jakarta

Moderate zinc and vitamin A deficiency in breast milk of mothers from East-Jakarta

Longitudinal Study on Trace Mineral Compositions (Selenium, Zinc, Copper, Manganese) in Korean Human Preterm Milk

Zinc levels in maternal milk: the influence of nutritional status with respect to zinc during the third trimester of pregnancy

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