Changes in urinary concentrations of total estrogen and pregnanediol in a female giant panda (<i>Ailuropoda melanoleuca</i>) from 1991 to 2000

Narushima, Etsuo; Hayashi, Takako; Hara, Tatsuoko; Nose, N.; Komiya, Teruyuki

doi:10.1002/zoo.10105

Cited by 8 publications

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“…This interval was then followed by a distinctive 3-to 20-fold elevation that lasted another 28-63 days before declining to signal birth or the end of a non-parturient phase. A general biphasic progestagen pattern has been reported from earlier urinary monitoring studies of this species, but only in a few individuals (Hodges et al 1984, Chaudhuri et al 1988, Masui et al 1989, Monfort et al 1989, Mainka et al 1990, McGeehan et al 2002, Narushima et al 2003. The present study was important because of the increased confidence generated from simultaneously examining a large cohort of giant pandas, some of which were observed year to year.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…There has been little attention directed at understanding the prolonged luteal phase in pregnant versus non-pregnant individuals. Of ten reports on this topic, only three giant pandas in total have been monitored for urinary progestagen profiles from ovulation to parturition or through a non-parturient phase (sometimes referred to as 'pseudopregnancy'; Bonney et al 1982, Hodges et al 1984, Chaudhuri et al 1988, Masui et al 1989, Monfort et al 1989, McGeehan et al 2002, Narushima et al 2003, Dehnhard et al 2006, Steinman et al 2006, Spady et al 2007. In these cases, a secondary urinary progestagen rise has occurred 74-122 days after the end of oestrus (Steinman et al 2006) that has suggested a shift in hormonal source, perhaps related to nidation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unique biphasic progestagen profile in parturient and non-parturient giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) as determined by faecal hormone monitoring

Kersey¹,

Wildt²,

Brown³

et al. 2010

Reproduction

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The luteal phase of the giant panda has been exclusively assessed by studying urinary hormone patterns in a very few individuals. To better understand hormonal dynamics of protracted progestagen excretion in this endangered species, we monitored hormonal metabolites in the fibrous faeces of multiple females in the USA and China. Giant pandas that were anoestrual during the breeding season excreted baseline progestagen throughout the year. In contrast, there were two distinctive periods when progestagen excretion increased in females that experienced behavioural oestrus, the first being modest, lasting for 61-122 days, and likely reflecting presumptive ovulation. This increase was far surpassed by a secondary rise in progestagen excretion associated with a rejuvenated luteal capacity or hormone production from an extra-gonadal source. The duration of this 'secondary' rise in progestagen excretion averaged w45 days and terminated in a decline to baseline coincident with parturition or the end of a non-parturient luteal interval. Data revealed that, even with a complex, biphasic progestagen profile, the longitudinal patterns produced by giant pandas were relatively consistent among animals and across years within individuals. However, progestagen excretion patterns throughout this period could not be used to discriminate among non-pregnant, pregnant or pseudopregnant states.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unique biphasic progestagen profile in parturient and non-parturient giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) as determined by faecal hormone monitoring

Kersey¹,

Wildt²,

Brown³

et al. 2010

Reproduction

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“…A previous study performed at Ueno Zoological Garden, Tokyo, reported the dynamics of urinary PdG in a female giant panda that did not deliver for 10 consecutive years, from 1991 to 2000, despite being artificially inseminated each year [13]. The length of the period from ovulation to the end of pseudopregnancy or suspicious pseudopregnancy, in which the level of urinary PdG was elevated, was calculated as 8.8  2.3 weeks, which is shorter than the period of PdG elevation measured in the present study (16.5  1.9 weeks).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG) is a metabolite of progesterone present in large amounts in the urine of pregnant animals [8]. Although many researchers have measured urinary PdG to monitor the reproductive status of the giant pandas [1,[9][10][11][12][13], urinary PdG is not thought to be a good indicator of pregnancy because the dynamics of urinary PdG are similar in pseudopregnant and pregnant giant pandas. However, because monitoring urinary PdG levels after estrus provides information on the timing of delivery and end of pseudopregnancy, a method for monitoring urinary PdG is needed for reproductive management of female giant pandas in captivity.…”

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confidence: 99%

Development of an Enzyme Immunoassay for Urinary Pregnanediol-3-Glucuronide in a Female Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

Hama

Kanemitsu²,

Tanikawa

et al. 2009

J. Vet. Med. Sci.

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In order to enable monitoring of the reproductive status of the female giant panda after observation of estrus behavior, we developed an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) system for urinary pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG), a progesterone metabolite, using commercial reagents and examined the changes in the urinary concentration of PdG in a female giant panda that showed pseudopregnancy and suspicious pseudopregnancy in 6 consecutive years. The developed EIA system had good reproducibility (intra-and interassay CVs 6.1% and 16.3%, respectively), good parallelism between the standard curve and the dose response curve of serial diluted samples and positive correlation (r=0.836) with the data for PdG in the same samples measured by gas chromatography. Urinary PdG in the female panda showed two phases of increase. The first elevation was observed immediately after estrus with the levels of PdG below 100 ng/ Crmg, while the second phase was characterized by a drastic elevation above 100 ng/Crmg until the level began to decrease at the end of pseudopregnancy or suspicious pseudopregnancy. The length of the second phase had wider range than that of the first phase. In the present study, a new EIA assay system for urinary PdG in the female giant panda was developed, and we found that the length of the second phase is unstable in the pseudopregnant and suspicious pseudopregnant giant panda, in contrast with the unstable length of the first phase caused by delayed implantation in the pregnant giant panda.

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“…In Japan, another study of reproduction of the giant panda has been underway at Ueno Zoological Gardens, Tokyo, since 1972. They have succeeded in production of giant panda by artificial insemination (AI) [4]; however, they have also experienced unsuccessful reproduction in a female giant panda despite efforts to utilize AI for 10 years [5]. In these studies, they have also used urine to measure estrogen.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Evaluation of a Rapid Enzyme-immunoassay System for Measurement of the Urinary Concentration of Estrone-3-glucuronide in a Female Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

Hama

Kanemitsu²,

Sakamoto³

et al. 2008

Journal of Reproduction and Development

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Abstract. To detect estrus for reproductive management, and to determine the relationship between urinary estrogen and estrous behavior, in a female giant panda, we developed and evaluated a rapid enzyme immunoassay (EIA) system for urinary Estrone-3-glucuronide (E1G) using commercial reagents. The developed EIA system took only around 3 hours, including all procedures to obtain a result. It indicated good reproducibility (intra-assay CV of 5.16%, interassay CV of 15.4%) and sensitivity (lowest standard concentration was 0.0156 ng/ml) for measurement of the urinary concentrations of E1G in the giant panda. There was a positive correlation (r=0.934) with the data for estrone (E1) in the same samples, as measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) performed in a commercial laboratory. The changes in the E1G concentrations were almost synchronous with the changes in E1 assayed by RIA in urine collected during 4 consecutive estrous seasons. The dynamics of urinary E1G measured by this system highly correlated with the occurrence of the presenting estrous behavior in the giant panda. The above results indicate that this assay system may be normally, rapidly and practically used for measurement of the urinary concentration of E1G in the giant panda. Key words: Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), Enzyme immunoassay, Estrone-3-glucuronide, Estrous behavior (J. Reprod. Dev. 54: [281][282][283][284][285] 2008) he giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a critically endangered species. Its natural habitat is located and limited to Western China at elevations of 2,000 m to 4,000 m. The actual population is estimated to be no more than 1,500 individuals [1]. The giant panda is categorized as "Endangered" on the Red List of Threatened Species published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources [2].Female giant pandas have a single annual estrus period and generally are in estrus for only a few days between February and May [3]. This characteristic constitutes a major limitation on production of new born in giant pandas.At the Kobe Municipal Oji Zoo, a collaborative project concerning reproduction of the giant panda has been conducted with China since 2000. Since the main purpose of this project is production of baby pandas, the primary work required is establishment of a rapid assay system to measure the sex steroid hormones to evaluate the giant panda's reproductive status and especially to detect estrus by measuring estrogen concentrations in the female for natural and artificial breeding.Because zoo and wild animals are not domesticated or are untrained, frequent sampling of blood is very difficult, and so urine or feces, which are easily collected without being invasive to the animals, are used to measure hormones. In Japan, another study of reproduction of the giant panda has been underway at Ueno Zoological Gardens, Tokyo, since 1972. They have succeeded in production of giant panda by artificial insemination (AI) [4]; however, they have also experienced unsuccessful reproduction in a fema...

show abstract

Changes in urinary concentrations of total estrogen and pregnanediol in a female giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) from 1991 to 2000

Cited by 8 publications

References 1 publication

Unique biphasic progestagen profile in parturient and non-parturient giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) as determined by faecal hormone monitoring

Unique biphasic progestagen profile in parturient and non-parturient giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) as determined by faecal hormone monitoring

Development of an Enzyme Immunoassay for Urinary Pregnanediol-3-Glucuronide in a Female Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

Development and Evaluation of a Rapid Enzyme-immunoassay System for Measurement of the Urinary Concentration of Estrone-3-glucuronide in a Female Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

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