Changes in toxicity of DDVP, DFP, and parathion in rats under cold environment

Chattopadhyay, Dipanjan; Dighe, S. K.; Dube, Dipak K.; Purnanand,

doi:10.1007/bf01669628

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The percent whole blood ChE-I by DDVP was significantly less in cold-exposed rats than in rats at room temperature, but by parathion was significantly more at one-half the LD^g dose and unaltered at one-quarter of the LD50 dose. Chattopadhyay (1982) also noted hypothermic efects of OPs in rats under cold exposure. Body temperature decreased as the dose of O.P increased, and the higher the ChE-l the lower was the body temperature of the animals under cold temperature.…”

Section: -20mentioning

confidence: 80%

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Assessing Risks of Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Pesticides

Lefferts

1989

Risk Assessment in Setting National Priorities

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Inhibiting Pesticides. (Under the direction of ALVIS G. TURNER) Cholinesterase-inhibiting (ChE-I) pesticides, which include both organophosphates (OP's) and carbamates, together constitute a very significant proportion of pesticides used in the U.S. and worldwide. ChE-I pesticides are known to disrupt nervous system functioning in animals and humans, and OP's are implicated in human poisonings more often than any other class of pesticides. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uses ChE-I to characterize the risks of these pesticides since ChE-I is a sensitive predictor of exposure. Assessing the risks of OP's and carbamates on the basis of ChE-I involves many uncertainties. The decisions and assumptions made to resolve these uncertainties are science policy decisions, and can have a significant impact on the final characterization of the risk. This report identifies the principal uncertainties throughout each of the four stages of risk assessment (as described by the National Research Council), discusses the nature and public health implications of these uncertainties, suggests an approach for describing and resolving uncertainties, and provides recommendations useful in developing a science policy for ChE-I pesticides. It is concluded that the EPA's use of an uncertainty factor as small as ten is not justified by the available scientific evidence.

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Section: -20mentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Not only can the toxicity of ChE-I pesticides be altered in individuals with hypo-or hyperthermia, but ChE-I pesticides may 11-22 have hypothermic effects. Doull (1980) reports that hyperthermia increases the toxicity of parathion, while Chattopadhyay (1982) found that half the LD5Q dose of parathion was lethal under cold temperature.…”

Section: -20mentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Risks of Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Pesticides

Lefferts

1989

Risk Assessment in Setting National Priorities

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“…The analysis of proteome alteration also showed a different decrease of aflM (ver-1) protein in A. flavus mycelium treated with BeTS-dm: the aflM gene is known to be one of the four genes involved in the conversion of versicolorin A into demethylsterigmatocystin, one of the last enzymatic steps of AFB 1 biosynthesis, and its expression was demonstrated to depend on the regulator aflR gene activity 67 . However, under certain AF inhibitory conditions, a marked decrease in cluster gene expression and AF production was observed with variable changes in aflR expression level 68 , suggesting that modified ratios of available AflR/AflS proteins could lead to the formation of an insufficient number of complexes; as a consequence, all the AflR-binding sites on the AF cluster may not be reached, and the subsequent cluster transcription is not complete.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…However, under certain AF inhibitory conditions, a marked decrease in cluster gene expression and AF production was observed with variable changes in aflR expression level 68 , suggesting that modified ratios of available AflR/AflS proteins could lead to the formation of an insufficient number of complexes; as a consequence, all the AflR-binding sites on the AF cluster may not be reached, and the subsequent cluster transcription is not complete. Since genes encoding enzymes involved in the final stages of the AFB 1 enzymatic cascade seem to be more affected than those involved in the initial steps, the hypothesis is that the limited number of AflR/AflS complexes available might have been rapidly used at the beginning of AF biosynthesis, and were no longer available to properly activate the last cluster genes, as aflM 67 . In this scenario, the inhibition of AF accumulation induced by BeTS-dm seems to be more associated to a late-interference on AF pathway with respect to CiTS-dm, even if the two compounds determined a similar decrease in aflR gene expression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sisters in structure but different in character, some benzaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde derivatives differentially tune Aspergillus flavus secondary metabolism

Bisceglie

Degola

Rogolino

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Great are the expectations for a new generation of antimicrobials, and strenuous are the research efforts towards the exploration of diverse molecular scaffolds—possibly of natural origin – aimed at the synthesis of new compounds against the spread of hazardous fungi. Also high but winding are the paths leading to the definition of biological targets specifically fitting the drug’s structural characteristics. The present study is addressed to inspect differential biological behaviours of cinnamaldehyde and benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone scaffolds, exploiting the secondary metabolism of the mycotoxigenic phytopathogen Aspergillus flavus. Interestingly, owing to modifications on the parent chemical scaffold, some thiosemicarbazones displayed an increased specificity against one or more developmental processes (conidia germination, aflatoxin biosynthesis, sclerotia production) of A. flavus biology. Through the comparative analysis of results, the ligand-based screening strategy here described has allowed us to delineate which modifications are more promising for distinct purposes: from the control of mycotoxins contamination in food and feed commodities, to the environmental management of microbial pathogens, to the investigation of specific structure–activity features for new generation drug discovery.

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“…Other sublethal effects of OP e×posure include induction of hypothermia in birds (Ratmer and Franson 1984) and mammals (Chattopadhyay et al 1982), changes in immune response (Street and Sharrna 1975), alterations in hormone levels (Rattner et al 1982a,b), and behavioral changes in vigilante (Levin and Rodnitzky 1976), food-seeking (Adams 1977), visual acuity (Plestina and Piukovic-Plestina 1978), and song structure and production by breeding birds (Forsyth 1980;Grue and Shipley 1981). OP-induced behavioral changes may also increase the susceptibility of exposed animals to predation.…”

Section: Other Sublethal Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pesticides and their Effects on Wildlife

Capinera

2010

Insects and Wildlife

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About 560 active ingredients are currently used as pesticides. Applications of these pesticides are made to agricultural lands and other areas inhabited by wildlife. Unfortunately, many agricultural-use pesticides also entail some measure of risk to organisms other than the pest species. Because testing of pesticides prior to registration cannot evaluate all the potential environmentalpesticide-wildlife/fish interactions, current methods of risk assessment do not always provide sufficient safety to nontarget organisms. This is evidenced by die-offs of fish and wildlife from applications of pesticides at environmentally "safe" rates (Grue et al. 1983; National Research Council of Canada 1975), the linking of population declines of some species with agrochemical use (Fox et al. 1989; Grue et al. 1986Grue et al. , 1989, and observations of survival-threatening behavioral changes in laboratory and field animals exposed to typical field levels of pesticides (Costa and Murphy 1982;White et al. 1979;Galindo et al. 1985). It is important to note, however, that the majority of pesticides, when properly applied, have not caused significant injury to wildlife (Cooper 1991).A brief summary of pesticide effects on wildlife and fish are presented for the common classes of pesticides in use today. Organophosphate and Carbamate InsecticidesOrganophosphate pesticides (OP) and carbamates (CB) are among the most heavily used agricultural pesticides in the United States. Both OP and CB insecticides act principally by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) (Casarett and Doulls 1986). AChE normally cleaves the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, from activated neural and myoneural junctions, thus restoring the nerve or muscle to the resting state. Inhibition of AChE by OPs or CBs results in excessive buildup of acetylcholine at the nerve junctions. This buildup disrupts nerve impulse transmission and can cause death by blocking neurotransmission in the respiratory center of the brain or at myoneural junctions of the respiratory muscles (O'Brien 1967; Casarett and DouUs 1986). Sublethal signs of intoxication in wild animals include ataxia, tremors, salivation, lacrimation, loss of fighting reflex, tetany, diarrhea, piloerection (or fluffed feathers), and polydipsia.Many OPs bind permanently to ACHE. Several weeks may be required to synthesize new ACHE and re-establish normal levels of the enzyme in the animal. (Robinson and Beiergrohslein 1980;Fleming 1981). Therefore, additional exposures to AChE inhibitors (OPs or CBs) during this recovery period can diminish the ACHE stores to hazardous levels. In contrast, little cumulative toxic action can occur with CBs because the chemical reaction of the CB with AChE is completely and rapidly reversible (Casarett and DouUs 1986) and the parent compounds rapidly degraded (Tucker and Crabtree 1970;Busby et al. 1987). Multiple applications of dimethoate, chlorpyrifos, methomyl, carbaryl and methyl parathion have been shown to reduce the survival of birds inhabiting edge habitats adjacen...

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Changes in toxicity of DDVP, DFP, and parathion in rats under cold environment

Cited by 13 publications

References 20 publications

Assessing Risks of Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Pesticides

Assessing Risks of Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Pesticides

Sisters in structure but different in character, some benzaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde derivatives differentially tune Aspergillus flavus secondary metabolism

Pesticides and their Effects on Wildlife

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