Changes in the haemocyte population of the mosquito, <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i>, following infection with the filarial parasite, <i>Wuchereria bancrofti</i>

Paily, K. P.; Abidha,; Kumar, B. A.; Balaraman, K

doi:10.1111/j.0269-283x.2005.00549.x

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In one of our earlier studies, the population of granulocytes was found to be increased significantly during the infection and development of W. bancrofti in C. quinquefasciatus (Paily et al 2005). Whether this rise in the population of granulocytes leads to the production of immune peptides and/or the various types of immune peptides produced was not known.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…No visible host responses such as melanization or encapsulation occur during this process, although it has been reported in mosquitoes refractory to filarial infection (Christensen and Forton 1986). However, infection and development of W. bancrofti could make changes in the cellular and humoral component of the mosquito (Guo et al 1995;Ham et al 1994;Paily et al 2005). Information on these immune responses against the filarial parasite is important, as it decides the vector competence of the mosquito.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transferrin in the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), up-regulated upon infection and development of the filarial parasite, Wuchereria bancrofti (Cobbold) (Spirurida: Onchocercidae)

2007

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Transferrin is a defence protein known to be up-regulated upon infection of parasites/pathogens in Aedes aegypti mosquito. However, no information is available on its up-regulation in Culex quinquefasciatus, the vector of bancroftian filarial parasite. In the present study, enhancement of transferrin in C. quinquefasciatus infected with Wuchereria bancrofti is demonstrated through amplification of the specific mosquito transcript, its sequencing, cloning, and expression. By using two oligonucleotide primers, a 950-bp polymerase chain reaction product was obtained from the first strand cDNA made from RNA of C. quinquefasciatus infected with W. bancrofti. A 707-bp sequence encoding the mature portion of transferrin was confirmed by sequencing the product. This is the first report of transferrin expression in C. quinquefasciatus. The deduced amino acid sequence shared 85% homology with A. aegypti transferrin precursor molecule. Western blot analysis of haemolymph proteins of infected C. quinquefasciatus with antibodies raised against recombinant transferrin protein showed binding to a 66-kDa protein, confirming its identity as transferrin. Hence, this molecule also could be added to the list of immune molecules of C. pipiens group, such as the defensin, gambicin, and cecropin, which are already known.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transferrin in the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), up-regulated upon infection and development of the filarial parasite, Wuchereria bancrofti (Cobbold) (Spirurida: Onchocercidae)

2007

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“…Recently, Paily et al (2005), investigating changes in the haemocyte population of Cx. quinquefasciatus infected with W. bancrofti, described that, on the second day post‐infection with microfilaraemic blood, the haemolymph perfusate of infected mosquitoes showed 44.1% granular cells, 42% prohaemocytes and 13.9% of plasmatocytes, whereas non‐infected mosquitoes showed 14.4% granular cells, 22.2% prohaemocytes and 63.4% plasmatocytes, and these significant changes were also observed on the 14th day post‐infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Haemocyte population and ultrastructural changes during the immune response of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus to microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti

Brayner

Araújo

Santos

et al. 2007

Medical Vet Entomology

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Haemocytes circulating in the haemolymph protect insects against pathogens that enter the haemocoel. Changes in haemocyte morphology and differences in haemocyte counts during the immune response of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) to microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti (Cobbold) (Spirurida: Onchocercidae) were investigated in the present study. The mean number of total haemocytes was significantly elevated in infected mosquitoes (P<0.001), reaching a peak on the third day post-infection. Differential counts show that mean numbers of prohaemocytes, plasmatocytes, granular cells and oenocytoids increased significantly after infection with microfilariae granulocytes compared to the control and näive groups of Cx. quinquefasciatus (P<0.05). Changes in proportional counts of haemocytes were also analysed in haemolymph perfusates of Cx. quinquefasciatus infected with W. bancrofti. On the first day post-infection, infected mosquitoes showed an increase in the proportion of prohaemocytes (18.8% compared to 9.6% for the control) and of oenocytoids (7.1% compared to 4.7% control); however, they exhibited lower levels of plasmatocytes (36.6% compared to 42.1% control) and granular cells (36.1% compared to 41.4% control). On day 14 post-infection, similar changes were observed for these haemocyte types, except that the proportion of granular cells was significantly greater than the control (41.2% compared to 31.3% control). Although an enhancement of prohaemocyte numbers was observed, this cellular type did not show any ultrastructural alteration. On the other hand, granular cells, plasmatocytes and oenocytoids presented morphological alterations indicative of innate immunological activation in mosquitoes infected with W. bancrofti.

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“…Feeding of C. quinquefasciatus on W. bancrofti mf positive blood for a second time did not increase the burden of infective stage in the mosquitoes, above that found after a single feeding, indicating the operation of some sort of regulatory mechanism of the parasite burden due to their preexposure to the parasite infection (Paily et al 1995a). This regulation could be due to the immune response of the preexposed mosquitoes as there are reports of visible changes in the hemocyte populations of W. bancrofti infected C. quinquefasciatus that lead to the production or up-regulation of immune molecules (Paily et al 2005b;2007).…”

Section: Mosquito Susceptibility and Host Range Of Different Species/mentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the complexity of biology of lymphatic filarial parasites

2009

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There are about five more common, including Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, and four less common filarial parasites infecting human. Genetic analysis of W. bancrofti populations in India showed that two strains of the species are prevalent in the country. The adult filarial parasites are tissue specific in the human host and their embryonic stage, called microfilariae (mf), are found in the blood or skin of the host, depending upon the species of the parasite. Three genetically determined physiological races exist in W. bancrofti and B. malayi, based on the microfilarial periodicity. They are the nocturnally periodic, nocturnally subperiodic and diurnally subperiodic forms. The susceptibility of a mosquito species to filarial infection depends on various factors, which could be genetic, physiological or physical. Survival analysis of Culex quinquefasciatus infected with W. bancrofti showed that the parasite load in the mosquito is a risk factor of vector survival. The extrinsic life cycle of the parasite is initiated when the mf are ingested by a mosquito vector during feeding on the host blood. On maturity, most of the infective L3 stage larvae migrate to the head and proboscis of the mosquito to get transmitted to the mammalian host during subsequent feeding. They develop to the adult L5 stage and the period of development and the longevity of the parasites varies according to the species of the nematode and the mammalian host. The rate of production of mf by the adult female was found to be stable at least for a period of five years. The life span of the mf has some influence on the dynamics of transmission of filariasis. Recent studies show that the endosymbiont, Wolbachia, plays an important role in the survival of filarial parasites. The possibility of in vitro and in vivo culture of filarial parasites is also reviewed.

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Changes in the haemocyte population of the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, following infection with the filarial parasite, Wuchereria bancrofti

Cited by 7 publications

References 8 publications

Transferrin in the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), up-regulated upon infection and development of the filarial parasite, Wuchereria bancrofti (Cobbold) (Spirurida: Onchocercidae)

Transferrin in the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), up-regulated upon infection and development of the filarial parasite, Wuchereria bancrofti (Cobbold) (Spirurida: Onchocercidae)

Haemocyte population and ultrastructural changes during the immune response of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus to microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti

A review of the complexity of biology of lymphatic filarial parasites

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