Changes in the Energy Cost of Running during a 24-h Treadmill Exercise

Gimenez, Philippe; Kerhervé, Hugo A.; Messonnier, Laurent; Féasson, Léonard; Millet, Guillaume Y.

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318292c0ec

Cited by 45 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 25 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Considering previously published literature, we could speculate a role of fatigue in determining a reverse J-shaped pacing strategy 1,2,26 . In 24-h race simulations on a treadmill, speed declined regularly from the beginning until 16 h (similar to our study) and remained constant afterwards (different) 23,24 . Martin et al 23 showed a large maximal muscle torque reduction after the 24-h trial and an increase in ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)-from the beginning until 16 h, tending to plateau around 15 points afterwards.…”

Section: General Pacing Strategy and Performance Group Differencessupporting

confidence: 86%

Pacing Strategy During 24-Hour Ultramarathon-Distance Running

Bossi¹,

Matta²,

Millet³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose: To describe pacing strategy in a 24-h running race and its interaction with sex, age group, athletes' performance group and race edition. Methods: Data from 398 male and 103 female participants of 5 editions were obtained based on a minimum 19.2-h effective-running cut-off. Mean running speed from each hour was normalised to the 24-h mean speed for analyses. Results: Mean overall performance was 135.6 ± 33.0 km with a mean effectiverunning time of 22.4 ± 1.3 h. Overall data showed a reverse J-shaped pacing strategy, with a significant reduction in speed from the second last to the last hour. Two-way mixed ANOVAs showed significant interactions between racing time and both athletes' performance group (F = 7.01; P < 0.001; p 2 = 0.04) and race edition (F = 3.01; P < 0.001; p 2 = 0.02), but not between racing time and both sex (F = 1.57; P = 0.058; p 2 < 0.01) and age group (F = 1.25; P = 0.053; p 2 = 0.01). Pearson's product-moment correlations showed an inverse moderate association between performance and normalised mean running speed in the first 2 h (r = -0.58; P < 0.001) but not in the last 2 h (r = 0.03; P = 0.480). Conclusions:While the general behaviour represents a rough, reverse J-shaped pattern, fastest runners start at lower relative intensities and display a more even pacing strategy than slower runners. The 'herd behaviour' seems to interfere with pacing strategy across editions, but not sex or age group of runners.

show abstract

Section: General Pacing Strategy and Performance Group Differencessupporting

confidence: 86%

Pacing Strategy During 24-Hour Ultramarathon-Distance Running

Bossi¹,

Matta²,

Millet³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Davies and Thompson (Davies and Thompson, 1986) observed a linear increase of V · O2,max with time from the 50th to 240th minute during a 4 h race on a treadmill at constant speed, the rise becoming significant (P<0.01) after 110 min of exercise. In addition, the ability to maintain a high F over a 24 h treadmill run was found to be mainly related to a low CoT (Gimenez et al, 2013;Millet et al, 2011), and in the same study participants a significant change in running biomechanics, including higher oscillation frequency, lower vertical stiffness and lower ground reaction force (GRF), was observed . Indeed, interventions to reduce CoT are constantly sought by athletes, coaches and sport scientists.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…It should also be noted that, whereas lowering step frequency would be beneficial in terms of lowering CoT (Gimenez et al, 2013;Morin et al, 2011), it might also cause greater muscular damage, which could have negative consequences in long races (Millet et al, 2012).…”

Section: Factors Determining Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Factors affecting energy cost of running during an ultra-endurance race

Lazzer

Taboga

Salvadego

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The aim of this study was to investigate: (1) the role of V · O2,max , the fraction of V · O2,max (F) and the metabolic cost of transport (CoT) in determining performance during an ultra-endurance competition and (2) the effects of the race on several biomechanical and morphological parameters of the lower limbs that are likely to affect CoT. Eleven runners (aged 29-54 years) participated in an ultraendurance competition consisting of three running stages of 25, 55 and 13 km on three consecutive days. Anthropometric characteristics, body composition, morphological properties of the gastrocnemius medialis, maximal explosive power of the lower limb and V · O2,max were determined before the competition. In addition, biomechanics of running and CoT were determined, before and immediately after each running stage. Performance was directly proportional to V · O2,max (r=0.77) and F (r=0.36), and inversely proportional to . Low CoT values were significantly related to high maximal power of the lower limbs (r=-0.74) and vertical stiffness (r=-0.65) and low footprint index (FPI, r=0.70), step frequency (r=0.62) and external work (r=0.60). About 50% of the increase in CoT during the stages of the competition was accounted for by changes in FPI, which represents a global evaluation of medio-lateral displacement of the foot during the whole stance phase, which in turn is associated with the myotendinous characteristics of the lower limb. Thus, lower CoT values were related to greater muscular power and lower FPI, suggesting that a better ankle stability is likely to achieve better performance in an ultra-endurance running competition. KEY WORDS: Maximal oxygen uptake, Ultra-marathon, Kinematics, Stiffness, Energy cost of running INTRODUCTIONMiddle-and long-distance running performance depends on several physical, physiological, biomechanical, metabolic, psychological and social factors (di Prampero, 2003;di Prampero et al., 1986). In particular, the three most important physiological factors determining high level performance are: (1) a large value of maximal oxygen uptake (V · O2,max , ml O 2 kg −1 min −1 ), (2) a large fraction (F, %) of V · O 2 ,max that can be sustained throughout the RESEARCH ARTICLEIndeed, strong correlations were found between V · O 2 ,max and running performance in heterogeneous-level runners (Billat et al., 2003;Maughan and Leiper, 1983). Additionally, several studies showed that, in elite distance runners, F, which is linked primarily to adaptations resulting from prolonged training (Holloszy and Coyle, 1984), is a crucial parameter to determine performance (Maughan and Leiper, 1983). Finally, at the metabolic intensity imposed by the product F×V · O 2 ,max , the running velocity is determined by the individual's ability to translate energy into performance (Daniels, 1985), i.e. to the energy expenditure per unit of mass and distance (CoT).CoT is generally expressed as the amount of energy spent above resting to transport 1 kg body mass (M b ) over a distance of 1 m. CoT is independent of...

show abstract

“…Durante o cardiovascular drift, participantes de exercício físico aeróbico, podem reduzir o ritmo de trabalho físico, a fim de manter constante a FC dentro da zona alvo de treinamento pré-estabelecido, podendo resultar em esforço físico abaixo do pretendido em termos de intensidade 18 . O aumento da produção de calor, juntamente com a dificuldade de dissipar, pode promover aumentos na temperatura interna corporal pelos seus efeitos sobre o sistema nervoso central, que limita a capacidade de continuar o exercício 40 . Se o exercício é de longa duração e os líquidos perdidos através do suor não forem repostos, a desidratação resultante põe em jogo problemas de controle cardiovasculares 40 .…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…O aumento da produção de calor, juntamente com a dificuldade de dissipar, pode promover aumentos na temperatura interna corporal pelos seus efeitos sobre o sistema nervoso central, que limita a capacidade de continuar o exercício 40 . Se o exercício é de longa duração e os líquidos perdidos através do suor não forem repostos, a desidratação resultante põe em jogo problemas de controle cardiovasculares 40 . O exercício realizado no calor de forma independente ou combinando os efeitos do estresse em ambiente quente com a desidratação, podem mudar os limites da regulação da temperatura corporal e gerar prejuízos a desempenho, afetando mecanismos relacionados ao SNC, metabolismo ou sistema cardiovascular 41 .…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Impacto Da Reposição Hídrica Com Água De Coco Sobre O Estado De Hidratação E Cardiovascular Drift Durante O Exercício

Chagas¹,

Souza²,

Santos³

et al. 2017

J. Phys. Educ.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

RESUMOO objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o impacto da reposição hídrica com água de coco sobre o estado de hidratação e cardiovascular drift durante o exercício. Treze voluntários do sexo masculino realizaram três sessões de exercício em cicloergômetro, submetidos a formas distintas de hidratação: grupo sem água (SA); grupo com água (CA); e grupo água de coco (CAC). O estado de hidratação foi determinado por alterações percentuais na massa corporal (∆ %MC) e urina. A frequência cardíaca (FC) foi registrada para avaliar o cardiovascular drift. Houve um aumento significativo da desidratação no grupo SA (∆ %MC = -1,43 ± 0,15), comparado aos grupos CA (∆ %MC = -0,68 ± 0,15) e CAC (∆ % MC = -0,70 ± 0,19). O grupo SA demonstrou aumentos significativos da FC comparado aos outros grupos. Conclui-se que a água de coco favoreceu a hidratação e a redução da FC, evitando o cardiovascular drift, mas com impacto similar à água. Palavras-chave: Desidratação. Exercício. Frequência Cardíaca. ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of fluid replacement with coconut water on the hydration status and cardiovascular drift during exercise. Thirteen male volunteers performed three sessions of exercise in bicycle ergometer, submitted to different forms of fluid replacement: no water intake (NW) group; with water intake (WW) group; and with coconut water (WCW) group. Hydration status was determined by percentage body mass changes (∆ % BM) and urine. Heart rate (HR) was recorded to evaluate the cardiovascular drift. There was a significant increase of dehydration in the NW group(∆ % BM = -1.43 ± 0.15) compared with WW(∆ % BM = -0.68 ± 0.15) and WCW groups(∆ % BM = -0.70 ± 0.19). The NW group showed significant increases in HR compared to other groups. It was concluded that coconut water promotes hydration and HR reduction, preventing cardiovascular drift, but similar to water impact. Keywords: Dehydration. Exercise. Heart Rate. IntroduçãoO cardiovascular drift é caracterizado pelo aumento exacerbado da frequência cardíaca (FC), acompanhado pela redução do volume de ejeção (VE) e fluxo sanguíneo para o músculo exercitado em estado de desidratação 1 . Sabe-se que tal condição pode promover alterações na prescrição do exercício e desempenho 2 . Obviamente, a intensidade, a duração do exercício, a aclimatação ao calor e o estado de hidratação vão ditar a extensão do cardiovascular drift 3 . Assim, manter uma hidratação adequada é importante para que não seja desencadeado o cardiovascular drift durante as sessões de exercícios, especialmente em atletas sob situações de estresse térmico 4 . Porém, independentemente do estresse térmico e do atleta, sabe-se que a manutenção do estado de hidratação adequado é fundamental para a saúde e desempenho de todos os praticantes de exercício 5 . O ideal seria definir estratégias de hidratação, para evitar o estado de desidratação cumulativo e progressivo 6,7 . A utilização de marcadores simples como alteração

show abstract

Changes in the Energy Cost of Running during a 24-h Treadmill Exercise

Cited by 45 publications

References 25 publications

Pacing Strategy During 24-Hour Ultramarathon-Distance Running

Pacing Strategy During 24-Hour Ultramarathon-Distance Running

Factors affecting energy cost of running during an ultra-endurance race

Impacto Da Reposição Hídrica Com Água De Coco Sobre O Estado De Hidratação E Cardiovascular Drift Durante O Exercício

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About