Changes in the contents of four active diterpenoids at different growth stages in Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees (Chuanxinlian)

Abstract

BackgroundThe therapeutic activities of Andrographis paniculata are attributed to four major active diterpenoids: andrographolide (AP1), 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (AP3), neoandrographolide (AP4), and 14-deoxyandrographolide (AP6). This study aims to quantify the four active diterpenoids in various plant organs of A. paniculata at different growth stages in greenhouse and field experiments, with a developed HPLC-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method for simultaneous determination of these diterpenoids.MethodsPlants were grown in greenhouse and in field conditions, harvested at different growth stages, and separated into different organs for determination of the four active diterpenoids by an HPLC-DAD method.ResultsThe most abundant diterpenoid was AP6 between seedling and vegetative stages in the greenhouse experiment (13.38 to 23.71 mg/g in 2006 and 10.67 to 24.54 mg/g in 2007). High levels of AP6 were also detected in leaves at the transfer stage in the greenhouse experiment (36.05 ± 0.69 mg/g) and field experiment (30.59 ± 1.39 mg/g). The levels of AP6 then decreased as plants matured. The highest content of AP4 was in cotyledons (16.65 ± 4.48 mg/g) at the transfer stage. The highest contents of AP1 were detected in leaves at seed-forming stage in greenhouse experiment (24.72 ± 1.89 mg/g) and vegetative stage in field experiment (43.16 ± 0.92 mg/g). Flowers of A. paniculata contained high levels of AP1 (21.42 ± 3.74 mg/g). AP3 and AP4 were at low levels in leaves at all growth stages.ConclusionIn A. paniculata, AP6 was at the highest level in leaves at transfer stage in both greenhouse and field experiments. AP1 was at the highest level in leaves at vegetative stage and seed-forming stage in field and greenhouse experiments, respectively. The contents of AP3 and AP4 in leaves were low at all growth stages.

Metabolomics Study of Cultivated Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae at Different Growth Stages using UHPLC‐QTOF‐MS Coupled with Multivariate Data Analysis

“…For this reason, cultivation efforts started in the 1980s. Plants can possess different levels of bioactivities at different growth stages (Pholphana, Rangkadilok, Saehun, Ritruechai, & Satayavivad, ), so the time of harvesting is crucial for maximising activity. According to a market survey of several manufacturers and on‐the‐spot interviewing of dozens of merchants in the Chinese herbal medicine market, cultivated BFC is usually harvested and sold after four years of growth.…”

Dda Loaded PCL Nanoparticles Enhances the Oral Bioavailability of Dda in Diabetes Induced Experimental Rats

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“…Though extensive research and development have been done, less solubility of bioactive principles in aqueous solution continued as a setback for their bioavailability and clinical application. Exploring a safe and effective method for solubilizing sparingly water soluble drugs remained an active part of pharmaceutical research [3]. Many approaches have been investigated to improve the oral bioavailability of the drug by augmenting drug solubility or increasing the surface area available for dissolution [4].…”

Predicted Binding Mode of Andrographolide and Its Derivatives Bound to Plasmodium Falciparum Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase

“…Andrographolide (1) is a major secondary metabolite in the Indonesian herb sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) [5]. It has been found to have a moderate antiplasmodial activity against the chloroquineresistant strain of P. falciparum [6], which makes it an interesting lead for the new antimalarial drug.…”