Changes in structural style of normal faults due to failure mode transition: First results from excavated scale models

Kettermann, Michael; Urai, János L.

doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2015.02.013

Cited by 37 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…4b, c, e, f), such as ignimbrite powder (Mathieu et al 2008, fine-grained silica flour (Galland et al 2006(Galland et al , 2009Galland 2012), diatomite powder (Gressier et al 2010), or sand-plaster mixtures , among others. When deformed, these materials typically exhibit both open (mode I) and shear (mode II) fractures at shallow and deep levels, respectively (Holland et al 2006;Kettermann and Urai, 2015). Although their elastic properties remain challenging to estimate, these granular materials thus appear to be most suitable for reproducing the complex elasto-plastic mechanical behaviour of natural rocks.…”

Section: Elasto-plastic (Intermediatementioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory Modelling of Volcano Plumbing Systems: A Review

Galland

Holohan

Vries

et al. 2015

Advances in Volcanology

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We review the numerous experimental studies dedicated to unravelling the physics and dynamics of various parts of a volcanic plumbing system. Section 1 lists the model materials commonly used for model magmas or model rocks. We describe these materials' mechanical properties and discuss their suitability for modelling sub-volcanic processes. Section 2 examines the fundamental concepts of dimensional analysis and similarity in laboratory modelling. We provide a step-by-step explanation of how to apply dimensional analysis to laboratory models in order to identify fundamental physical laws that govern the modelled processes in dimensionless (i.e. scale independent) form. Section 3 summarises and discusses the past applications of laboratory models to understand numerous features of volcanic plumbing systems. These include: dykes, cone sheets, sills, laccoliths, caldera-related structures, ground deformation, magma/fault interactions, and explosive vents. We outline how laboratory models have yielded insights into the main geometric and mechanical controls on the development of each part of the volcanic

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Section: Elasto-plastic (Intermediatementioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory Modelling of Volcano Plumbing Systems: A Review

Galland

Holohan

Vries

et al. 2015

Advances in Volcanology

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“…(b) Detailed map of the escarpment evidencing hundred meters scale along strike complexities. (c) Comparison with Kettermann and Urai []'s experiments reproducing hybrid failure showing alternating patches of opening and shear fractures [ Kettermann and Urai , , Figure 6b]. (d) A close‐up view of the scarp morphology is available thanks to SAR images, location in Figure 5b.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These images combined with the bathymetry data, document the small‐scale complexities of the scarps, which probably originate from failure processes in the subsurface. The morphology of the Souffleur fault scarp seems strikingly similar to a normal fault scarp formed by hybrid failure (tensile and shear) in analogical small‐scale models [ Kettermann and Urai , ]. It differs from the Roseau scarp's morphology that is more compatible with shear failure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Cumulative scarps of several hundred meters are exposed in Les Saintes channel. High-resolution data highlight their complex morphology that can be related to failure mode [e.g., Kettermann and Urai, 2015], erosion, and sedimentation processes, and constitutes insights into the fault's seismic cycle history [e.g., Armijo et al, 2005]. Side-scan sonar imagery allowing a metric horizontal resolution on deep submarine faults is rare and only few studies exist on small-scale morphologic features of faults scarps offshore [Armijo et al, 2005;Elias et al, 2007].…”

Section: Small-scale Morphology Of Scarpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Small antithetic faults branch to the main Souffleur fault forming small basins at the base of the scarp. The overall geometry of the Souffleur scarp strikingly resembles a normal fault scarp resulting from hybrid failure (tensile and shear) as reproduced by analogue models [Kettermann and Urai, 2015] (Figure 5c). This rupture mode results in strong segmentation of the scarp, with segments having different strikes and steep dips close to 908.…”

Section: Small-scale Morphology Of Scarpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interactions between active faulting, volcanism, and sedimentary processes at an island arc: Insights from Les Saintes channel, Lesser Antilles arc

Leclerc

Feuillet

Deplus

2016

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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International audienceNew high-resolution marine geophysical data allow to characterize a large normal fault system in the Lesser Antilles arc, and to investigate the interactions between active faulting, volcanism, sedimenta-ry, and mass-wasting processes. Les Saintes fault system is composed of several normal faults that form a 30 km wide half-graben accommodating NE-SW extension. It is bounded by the Roseau fault, responsible for the destructive Mw 6.3 21 November 2004 earthquake. The Roseau fault has been identified from the island of Basse-Terre to Dominica. It is thus 40 km long, and it could generate Mw 7 earthquakes in the future. Several submarine volcanoes are also recognized. We show that the fault system initiated after the main volcanic construction and subsequently controls the emission of volcanic products. The system propagates southward through damage zones. At the tip of the damage zones, several volcanic cones were recently emplaced probably due to fissures opening in an area of stress increase. A two-way interaction is observed between active faulting and sedimentary processes. The faults control the development of the main turbiditic system made of kilometer-wide canyons, as well as the location of sediment ponding. In turn, erosion and sedimentation prevent scarp growth at the seafloor. Faulting also enhances mass-wasting processes. Since its initiation, the fault system has consequently modified the morphologic evolution of the arc through perturbation of the sedimentary processes and localization of the more recent volcanic activity

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Evolution of structure and permeability of normal faults with clay smear: Insights from water‐saturated sandbox models and numerical simulations

2017

Self Cite

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Clay smear is difficult to predict for subsurface flow applications and would benefit from an improved understanding of the processes controlling clay smear. We present water‐saturated sandbox experiments with large clay smear surfaces (~500 cm2) that couple cross‐fault fluid flow measurements with structural analysis of excavated clay smears. We compare measured flow data to numerical flow simulations to develop a tool to evaluate the evolving fault structure. Results show diagnostic relationships between fault structures and cross‐fault flow. In experiments with one or two clay layers and a cumulative thickness of 10 mm at 100 mm displacement, normally consolidated clay in a structural domain of graben faulting initially yields hybrid brittle/ductile failure with early breaching of the clay layer and increased cross‐fault flux. This is followed by fault backstepping, formation of clay smears, and reworking of clay fragments within the fault. Early formed holes remain open during the evolution of the faults. Fault zones are segmented by fault lenses, breached relays, and clay smears in which sand and clay mix by deformation. Experiments with two clay layers show that holes rarely form at the same position on the fault plane, producing a layered sand‐clay fault rock with greater flow path tortuosity and lower permeability than in one‐layer experiments. We compare our results with observations of faults in nature and discuss progress toward models with sufficient detail and understanding to allow prediction of flow across evolving faults, first in laboratory models and then in the subsurface.

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Changes in structural style of normal faults due to failure mode transition: First results from excavated scale models

Cited by 37 publications

References 58 publications

Laboratory Modelling of Volcano Plumbing Systems: A Review

Laboratory Modelling of Volcano Plumbing Systems: A Review

Interactions between active faulting, volcanism, and sedimentary processes at an island arc: Insights from Les Saintes channel, Lesser Antilles arc

Evolution of structure and permeability of normal faults with clay smear: Insights from water‐saturated sandbox models and numerical simulations

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