Laboratory Modelling of Volcano Plumbing Systems: A Review

Galland, Olivier; Holohan, Eoghan P.; Vries, Benjamín van Wyk de; Burchardt, Steffi

doi:10.1007/11157_2015_9

Cited by 56 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 275 publications

(524 reference statements)

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“…Our analogue experiments show developing fault and fracture networks that are very similar to those observed in experiments without viscous cover layer (Holland et al, 2006;van Gent et al, 2010;Abdelmalak et al 2012;Galland et al 2015). The excavated hardened resin that preserves the fracture network in 3D shows a distribution of dilatant patches similar to observations made by Holland et al (2011) in 3D X-ray CT-scans of dilatant fault experiments.…”

Section: Salt Distribution In Dilatant Faultssupporting

confidence: 85%

The effect of salt in dilatant faults on rates and magnitudes of induced seismicity – first results building on the geological setting of the Groningen Rotliegend reservoirs

Kettermann

Abe

Raith

et al. 2017

Netherlands Journal of Geosciences

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The presence of salt in dilatant normal faults may have a strong influence on fault mechanics in the Groningen field and on the related induced seismicity. At present, little is known of the structure of these fault zones. This study starts with the geological evolution of the Groningen area, where, during tectonic faulting, rock salt may have migrated downwards into dilatant faults. These fault zones therefore may contain inclusions of rock salt. Because of its rate-dependent mechanical properties, the presence of salt in a fault may introduce a loading-rate dependency into fault movement and affect the distribution of magnitudes of seismic events. We present a first-look study showing how these processes can be investigated using a combination of analogue and numerical modelling. Full scaling of the models and quantification of implications for induced seismicity in Groningen require further, more detailed studies: an understanding of fault zone structure in the Groningen field is required for improved predictions of induced seismicity. The analogue experiments are based on a simplified stratigraphy of the Groningen area, where it is generally thought that most of the Rotliegend faulting has taken place in the Jurassic, after deposition of the Zechstein. This suggests that, at the time of faulting, the sulphates were already transformed into brittle anhydrite. If these layers were sufficiently brittle to fault in a dilatant fashion, rock salt was able to flow downwards into the dilatant fractures. To test this hypothesis, we use sandbox experiments where we combine cohesive powder as analogue for brittle anhydrites and carbonates with viscous salt analogues to explore the developing fault geometry and the resulting distribution of salt in the faults. Using the observations from analogue models as input, numerical models investigate the stick-slip behaviour of fault zones containing ductile material qualitatively with the discrete element method (DEM). Results show that the DEM approach is suitable for modelling the seismicity of faults containing salt. The stick-slip motion of the fault becomes dependent on shear loading rate with a modification of the frequency-magnitude distribution of the generated seismic events.

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Section: Salt Distribution In Dilatant Faultssupporting

confidence: 85%

The effect of salt in dilatant faults on rates and magnitudes of induced seismicity – first results building on the geological setting of the Groningen Rotliegend reservoirs

Kettermann

Abe

Raith

et al. 2017

Netherlands Journal of Geosciences

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“…Tectonic extension favors dike emplacement by lowering the effective normal stress and thus Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 10.1002/2017GC007174 the failure stress threshold (e.g., Buck et al, 2006;Grosfils, 2007;Gudmundsson, 2006); structurally, horizontal r 3 favors vertical diking and normal faulting. In contrast, tectonic compression contributes to increasing the internal overpressure, but also increases the failure threshold (e.g., Galland et al, 2015;Watanabe et al, 2002), with horizontal r 1 favoring sill emplacement. Actually, volcanic activity does not always align according to the regional stress field, as for example along the tectono-volcanic Liquine-Ofzqui arc fault zone spanning along Southern Chile (Cembrano & Lara, 2009;Iturrieta et al, 2017).…”

Section: Complementary Thermo-mechanical Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three‐Dimensional Failure Patterns Around an Inflating Magmatic Chamber

Gerbault

Hassani

Lizama

et al. 2018

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Bedrock failure around an inflating magma chamber is an important factor that controls the occurrence of volcanic eruptions. Here, we employ 3‐D numerical models of elasto‐plastic shear failure around an inflating crustal reservoir, to study how the induced failure patterns depend on the geometry of the chamber, on the host rock strength and on the gravitational field. Our simulations show that either localized or diffuse plastic failure domains develop in 3 stages. Failure initiates (stage 1) after a critical overpressure is reached, the value of which depends on effective host rock strength. Next, and with increasing applied overpressure, either distributed (for zero friction angle) or localized plastic failure zones (for 30 ° friction angle) form (stage 2), until they finally connect to the surface (stage 3). Cylindrical chambers develop prismatic shear zones that merge from the surface and chamber walls. For spherical and prolate chambers, diffuse conical zones of failure develop from the chamber's crest, whereas for oblate symmetrical chambers, shear bands initiate at the horizontal tips but bend back above the center of the chamber to reach the surface. In contrast for asymmetrical oblate chambers, shear bands initiate in their cylindrical section and vanish along the elongated direction. Here, magmatic fluids may migrate both through diffuse elastic dilation zones at the tips, and through localized shear zones from the crest. Our results thus suggest how natural observations may be used to constrain the mode of failure occurring underneath a volcano. We discuss several natural examples in this context.

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“…In recent years, distinct mechanisms controlling the formation of sill-associated doming have been proposed. The most common mechanism involves synemplacement uplift accommodating sill intrusion (e.g., Pollard and Johnson, 1973;Roman-Berdiel et al, 1995;Malthe-Sørenssen et al, 2004;Hansen and Cartwright, 2006;Kavanagh et al, 2006;Menand, 2008;Bunger and Cruden, 2011;Galerne et al, 2011;Galland, 2012;Galland et al, 2014Galland et al, , 2015. These models typically assume that uplift occurs via elastic bending, and sometimes failure, of the overburden, causing forced folding and fracturing due to the intrusion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of overburden deformation associated with the emplacement of the Tulipan sill, mid-Norwegian margin

et al. 2017

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The emplacement of igneous intrusions into sedimentary basins mechanically deforms the host rocks and causes hydrocarbon maturation. Existing models of host-rock deformation are investigated using high-quality 3D seismic and industry well data in the western Møre Basin offshore mid-Norway. The models include synemplacement (e.g., elastic bending-related active uplift and volume reduction of metamorphic aureoles) and postemplacement (e.g., differential compaction) mechanisms. We use the seismic interpretations of five horizons in the Cretaceous-Paleogene sequence (Springar, Tang, and Tare Formations) to analyze the host rock deformation induced by the emplacement of the underlying saucer-shaped Tulipan sill. The results show that the sill, emplaced between 55.8 and 54.9 Ma, is responsible for the overlying dome structure observed in the seismic data. Isochron maps of the deformed sediments, as well as deformation of the younger postemplacement sediments, document a good match between the spatial distribution of the dome and the periphery of the sill. The thickness t of the Tulipan is less than 100 m, whereas the amplitude f of the overlying dome ranges between 30 and 70 m. Spectral decomposition maps highlight the distribution of fractures in the upper part of the dome. These fractures are observed in between hydrothermal vent complexes in the outer parts of the dome structure. The 3D seismic horizon interpretation and volume rendering visualization of the Tulipan sill reveal fingers and an overall saucer-shaped geometry. We conclude that a combination of different mechanisms of overburden deformation, including (1) elastic bending, (2) shear failure, and (3) differential compaction, is responsible for the synemplacement formation and the postemplacement modification of the observed dome structure in the Tulipan area.

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Laboratory Modelling of Volcano Plumbing Systems: A Review

Cited by 56 publications

References 275 publications

The effect of salt in dilatant faults on rates and magnitudes of induced seismicity – first results building on the geological setting of the Groningen Rotliegend reservoirs

The effect of salt in dilatant faults on rates and magnitudes of induced seismicity – first results building on the geological setting of the Groningen Rotliegend reservoirs

Three‐Dimensional Failure Patterns Around an Inflating Magmatic Chamber

Mechanisms of overburden deformation associated with the emplacement of the Tulipan sill, mid-Norwegian margin

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