Changes in phenolic acids and stilbenes induced in embryogenic cell cultures of Norway spruce by two fractions of Sirococcus strobilinus mycelian

Abstract

ABSTRACT:We examined defence responses in embryogenic cell suspension cultures of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst) elicited by intracellular protein and cell wall fractions (PF and WF, respectively) prepared from mycelia of the fungus Sirococcus strobilinus Preuss focusing on changes in (soluble and cell wall-bound) phenolic and stilbene concentrations. Treatment with both preparations induced an increase in the total contents of phenolic acids in Norway spruce cells and variations in the levels of stilbene glycosides. More rapid and intense induction of defence response was observed in cells after WF application. The contents of soluble phenolic acids (especially benzoic acid derivatives) and cell wall-bound phenolic acids (especially ferulic acid) started to increase (relative to controls) within 4 h after the addition of the WF preparation and remained high in elicited cells for 8-12 h. A moderate increase in phenolic acids in cells exposed to the PF preparation was observed within 8 h after application. However, after 24 h of WF treatment a decline of total phenolics was observed, while in PF elicited Norway spruce cells the phenolic content continued to increase. Significantly decreased concentrations of stilbene glycosides, isorhapontin, astringin and piceid, were determined in PF and WF treated Norway spruce cell cultures. The total content of stilbene glycosides decreased within 8 h after WF application to 68% of the amount determined in the control and within 12 h to 73% of the control in PF-treated cells. These results demonstrate that both PF and WF prepared from the Sirococcus strobilinus mycelium elicit changes in the metabolism of phenylpropanoids, which are involved in the defence responses of plants to pathogens.

In vitro Bioactivity and Antimicrobial Activity of Picea abies and Larix decidua Wood and Bark Extracts

“…Various stilbenes and stilbenes glucosides have been previously observed in different parts of P. abies (Metsämuuronen and Siren 2014). Isorhapontin and astringin are the major constitutive stilbenes glycosides in P. abies (Viiri et al 2001;Zeneli et al 2006;Malá et al 2011). Zeneli et al (2006 found that astringin and isorhapontin represent 20.2% and 71.8% of sapwood phenolics, and 38.8% and 46.5% of bark phenolics in P. abies trees growing in Norway, respectively.…”

“…The older trees are normally heavy with algae and possess shallow rounded scales which can be easily shed (Cope et al 2002). In P. abies cells, the different soluble glycoside-bound types of phenolic acids make up ~ 85% of the overall content of the methanol extract, accompanied by the methanol-insoluble cell wall-bound phenolic esters (7 to 8%) (Malá et al 2011). Some soluble methanol esters and free phenolic acids are very low, comprising ~2 and 4 to 5% of the entire phenolic content, respectively (Malá et al 2011).…”

“…In P. abies cells, the different soluble glycoside-bound types of phenolic acids make up ~ 85% of the overall content of the methanol extract, accompanied by the methanol-insoluble cell wall-bound phenolic esters (7 to 8%) (Malá et al 2011). Some soluble methanol esters and free phenolic acids are very low, comprising ~2 and 4 to 5% of the entire phenolic content, respectively (Malá et al 2011).Additional information regarding the chemical structure of the bark tannins from P. abies and L. decidua is needed (Bianchi et al 2014). Spruce bark tannins are recognized as procyanidins, with few incidences of prodelphinidins, having a mean polymerization degree of about 4.6 (Matthews et al 1997).…”

Profiling of water-soluble carbohydrates in pine and spruce extracts by capillary zone electrophoresis with direct UV detection

“…Novelty is also presented regarding commercially available equipment by showing the advantages of interpreting the recorded migration times and the correlation of multiple wavelengths in identifying compounds. Stilbenes, pinocembrin (Willför et al 2003b), total phenolics (Willför et al 2003a;Venäläinen et al 2004;Harju et al 2003;Hovelstad et al 2006;Kähkönen et al 1999), total pinosylvins (Venäläinen et al 2004;Hovelstad et al 2006;Lindberg et al 2004;Pietarinen et al 2006), pinosylvin, PMME, PDME3 (Karppanen et al 2008;Valentín et al 2010), lignans (Willför et al 2003a;Pietarinen et al 2006), oligolignans, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, catechin, vanillic acid (Valentín et al 2010) Bark Total phenolics (Kähkönen et al 1999;Stolter et al 2009;Kanerva et al 2008), apigenin-7-glucoside, catechin, catechin derivative, gallocatechin, dicoumarylastragalin, quercitrin, dicoumarylisoquercitrin derivatives (Stolter et al 2009;Roitto et al 2008), mono-coumaroylisoquercitrin derivatives, quercetin-3-galactoside, kempferol-3-glucoside, taxifolinmonoglycoside (Stolter et al 2009), benzoic acid glycoside (Stolter et al 2009;Kanerva et al 2008;Roitto et al 2008), condensed tannins, myricetin-3-galactoside, hyperin, neolignans (Roitto et al 2008) Needles and twigs Taxifolin, taxifolin-3 0 -glucoside, quercetin, quercetin-3-glucoside, quercetin-3 0 -glucoside (Oleszek et al 2002), total phenolics (Willför et al 2003a;Malá et al 2011Zeneli et al 2006, astringin (Hammerbacher et al 2011;Zeneli et al 2006), isorhapontin, piceid (polydatin), catechin (Zeneli et al 2006), lignans …”

“…Lignans, stilbenes, flavonoids (Välimaa et al 2007), astringin (Hammerbacher et al 2011;Evensen et al 2000), isorhapontin (Hammerbacher et al 2011), phenolic acid glycosides of phenolics (Malá et al 2011), hydroxymatairesinol (Välimaa et al 2007), catechin, taxifolin, resveratrol (Evensen et al 2000) Bark Total phenolics (Kähkönen et al 1999;Kanerva et al 2008, Zeneli et al 2006Ignat et al 2013), astringin (Hammerbacher et al 2011;Zeneli et al 2006;Solhaug 1990;Latva-Mäenpää et al 2013;Viiri et al 2001;Lieutier et al 2003), isorhapontin, isorhapontigenin (Solhaug 1990;Latva-Mäenpää et al 2013;Viiri et al 2001;Lieutier et al 2003), catechin, epicatechin (Zeneli et al 2006;Ignat et al 2013;Evensen et al 2000), taxifolin, taxifolin glycoside (Evensen et al 2000;Lieutier et al 2003), vanillyl alcohol, vanillic acid (Lieutier et al 2003), piceid, resveratrol (Latva-Mäenpää et al 2013Viiri et al 2001;Lieutier et al 2003), total stilbene glycosides, total stilbene aglycones (Viiri et al 2001), flavonoids, flavonols, gallic acid, tannins (Ignat et al 2013) Needles and twigs Total phenolics (Kähkönen et al 1999;Stolter et al 2009;Kanerva et al 2008), condensed tannins (Stolter et al 2009;Ka...…”