Changes in orbital-angular-momentum modes of a propagated vortex Gaussian beam through weak-to-strong atmospheric turbulence

Chen, Chun-Yi; Yang, Huamin; Tong, Shoufeng; Yan, Lianshan

doi:10.1364/oe.24.006959

Cited by 58 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Atmospheric turbulence plays a significant role in the free-space transmission of spatial modes. These effects of the atmosphere have been investigated in many recent theoretical studies [18][19][20][21][22][23][24] and lab-scale simulations [25][26][27][28][29][30]. While these investigations clearly show that transmitting spatial modes of light over large distances is very challenging, several experimental investigations of free-space long-distance transmission of spatial modes have been successfully carried out recently.…”

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confidence: 99%

Twisted light transmission over 143 km

Krenn

Handsteiner

Fink

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

335

160

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Spatial modes of light can potentially carry a vast amount of information, making them promising candidates for both classical and quantum communication. However, the distribution of such modes over large distances remains difficult. Intermodal coupling complicates their use with common fibers, whereas free-space transmission is thought to be strongly influenced by atmospheric turbulence. Here, we show the transmission of orbital angular momentum modes of light over a distance of 143 km between two Canary Islands, which is 50× greater than the maximum distance achieved previously. As a demonstration of the transmission quality, we use superpositions of these modes to encode a short message. At the receiver, an artificial neural network is used for distinguishing between the different twisted light superpositions. The algorithm is able to identify different mode superpositions with an accuracy of more than 80% up to the third mode order and decode the transmitted message with an error rate of 8.33%. Using our data, we estimate that the distribution of orbital angular momentum entanglement over more than 100 km of free space is feasible. Moreover, the quality of our free-space link can be further improved by the use of state-of-the-art adaptive optics systems.high-dimensional states | long-distance communication | orbital angular momentum | atmospheric turbulence T he transverse spatial modes of light offer an additional degree of freedom for encoding information in both classical and quantum communication. In classical communication, such modes can be used for multiplexing information and for increasing the achievable data rate per frequency and polarization channel (1-4); for recent reviews, see refs. 5 and 6. In quantum information science they are a physical realization of a high-dimensional quantum state (7-12). Such states allow one to encode more than 1 bit of information per photon. The large state space can increase the channel capacity and improve robustness to eavesdropping and noise (13,14) in quantum communication schemes (15)(16)(17)(18). The distribution of photons carrying different spatial modes over macroscopic distances is thus essential for both quantum and classical applications, as well as for fundamental tests of quantum mechanics. Whereas significant progress has been made in fiber-based solutions (19,20), these methods are still in their infancy. Here we focus on a different way to distribute such modes, namely long-distance transmission through free space. This is relevant in situations where fibers are not applicable, such as for long-distance quantum communication and communication with satellites.Atmospheric turbulence plays a significant role in the freespace transmission of spatial modes. These effects of the atmosphere have been investigated in many recent theoretical studies (21-27) and laboratory-scale simulations (28-33). Although these investigations clearly show that transmitting spatial modes of light over large distances is very challenging, recently several experimental inve...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Twisted light transmission over 143 km

Krenn

Handsteiner

Fink

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

335

160

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“…As such, the polarisation is unaffected during propagation. The spatial degree of freedom however is highly susceptible to atmospheric turbulence, causing a scattering among OAM states [97][98][99][100][101]. Let us consider vector modes of a given OAM subspace .…”

Section: Propagation Through Perturbing Mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

Creation and Detection of Vector Vortex Modes for Classical and Quantum Communication

Ndagano

Nape

Cox

et al. 2018

J. Lightwave Technol.

246

128

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Vector vortex beams are structured states of light that are non-separable in their polarisation and spatial mode, they are eigenmodes of free-space and many fibre systems, and have the capacity to be used as a modal basis for both classical and quantum communication. Here we outline recent progress in our understanding of these modes, from their creation to their characterization and detection. We then use these tools to study the propagation behaviour of such modes in free-space and optical fibre and show that modal cross-talk results in a decay of vector states into separable scalar modes, with a concomitant loss of information. We present a comparison between probabilistic and deterministic detection schemes showing that the former, while ubiquitous, negates the very benefit of increased dimensionality in quantum communication while reducing signal in classical communication links. This work provides a useful introduction to the field as well as presenting new findings and perspectives to advance it further.

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“…Current models for free-space transmission of optical fields are based on theories developed for astronomical measurements, which generally assumed an input optical field with a flat wavefront [6,7]. These theories have been extended for use with spatially structured optical fields [8][9][10]. However, these theories do not adequately predict the results acquired by free-space ranging experiments in urban environments [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vortex instability in turbulent free-space propagation

Lavery

2018

New J. Phys.

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The spatial structuring of optical fields is integral within many next generation optical metrology and communication techniques. A verifiable physical model of the propagation of these optical fields in a turbulent environment is important for developing effective mitigation techniques for the modal degradation that occurs in a free-space link. We present a method to simulate this modal degradation that agrees with recently reported experimental findings. A 1.5 km free-space link is emulated by decomposing the optical turbulence that accumulates over a long distance link, into many, weakly perturbing steps of 10 m. This simulation shows that the high-order vortex at the centre of the helical phase profiles in modes that carry orbital angular momentum of   ℓ | | 2 are unstable and fracture into many vortices when they propagate over the link. This splitting presents issues for the application of turbulence mitigation techniques. The usefulness of pre-correction, post-correction, and complex field conjugation techniques are discussed.

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Changes in orbital-angular-momentum modes of a propagated vortex Gaussian beam through weak-to-strong atmospheric turbulence

Cited by 58 publications

References 21 publications

Twisted light transmission over 143 km

Twisted light transmission over 143 km

Creation and Detection of Vector Vortex Modes for Classical and Quantum Communication

Vortex instability in turbulent free-space propagation

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