Changes in olfactory bulbus volume and olfactory sulcus depth in the chronic period after COVID-19 infection

Güney, Bünyamin; Sarı, Ferda Bacaksızlar; Özdemir, Murat; Çullu, Neşat; Doğan, Emrah; Togan, Turhan

doi:10.1080/00016489.2021.1946138

Cited by 12 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…9 However, olfactory region abnormalities were observed in imaging study several months after the onset of OD, which may support the persistence of inflammatory reaction in patients who did not report COVID-19 general symptoms. 10 According to these findings and our clinical observations, we believe that the persistence of OD in COVID-19 patients could be related to the persistence of the virus in the olfactory region, which induces a chronic inflammatory reaction characterized by the destruction of re-infected cells throughout the recovery process, that is, neuroepithelium cells, sustentacular cells and olfactory neurons. Interestingly, it has been supported that inflammation may suppress regeneration of the olfactory stem cells.…”

Section: Dear Editorsupporting

confidence: 64%

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may help patients with persistent COVID-19 smell dysfunction

et al. 2021

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Section: Dear Editorsupporting

confidence: 64%

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may help patients with persistent COVID-19 smell dysfunction

et al. 2021

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“…Study characteristics for aggregate studies and individual case reports are summarized in Tables I , II , III , and S3–S6 . Briefly, there were 7 case–control studies ( N = 353), 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 11 case series ( N = 154), 16 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 and 12 case reports ( N = 12), 17 , 18 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 with a total of 30 included studies ( N = 518). Of these 518 individuals, 292 had COVID‐19 infection with OD (56.4%) while the remaining 226 were controls (43.6%).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Olfactory mucosa thickening with enhancement of olfactory mucosa compared to nasal mucosa ( n = 1) 25 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Study characteristics for aggregate studies and individual case reports are summarized in Tables I-III, and S3-S6. Briefly, there were 7 case-control studies (N = 353), [25][26][27][28][29][30][31] 11 case series (N = 154), 16,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] and 12 case reports (N = 12), 17,18,[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] Mild irregularity with preserved J-shape (n = 2) 13 Contour lobulations (n = 5) 13 Rectangular shape (n Diffusely increased signal (n = 9) 13 Hyperintense foci without halo (n = 11) 13 Hyperintense foci with halo (n = 5) 13 Microhemorrhages (n = 4) 13 8/50 (16%) opacification noted on CT and/or MRI (57.4%). MRI demonstrated bilateral and unilateral olfactory cleft opacification in 49 patients 16,26,27,40 and 4 patients, respectively.…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neuroradiological Basis of COVID‐19 Olfactory Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

Tan

et al. 2022

The Laryngoscope

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Objective Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a common presenting symptom of COVID‐19 infection. Radiological imaging of the olfactory structures in patients with COVID‐19 and OD can potentially shed light on its pathogenesis, and guide clinicians in prognostication and intervention. Methods PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, SCOPUS were searched from inception to August 1, 2021. Three reviewers selected observational studies, case series, and case reports reporting radiological changes in the olfactory structures, detected on magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, or other imaging modalities, in patients aged ≥18 years with COVID‐19 infection and OD, following preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses guidelines and a PROSPERO‐registered protocol (CRD42021275211). We described the proportion of radiological outcomes, and used random‐effects meta‐analyses to pool the prevalence of olfactory cleft opacification, olfactory bulb signal abnormalities, and olfactory mucosa abnormalities in patients with and without COVID‐19‐associated OD. Results We included 7 case–control studies (N = 353), 11 case series (N = 154), and 12 case reports (N = 12). The pooled prevalence of olfactory cleft opacification in patients with COVID‐19 infection and OD (63%, 95% CI = 0.38–0.82) was significantly higher than that in controls (4%, 95% CI = 0.01–0.13). Conversely, similar proportions of cases and controls demonstrated olfactory bulb signal abnormalities (88% and 94%) and olfactory mucosa abnormalities (2% and 0%). Descriptive analysis found that 55.6% and 43.5% of patients with COVID‐19 infection and OD had morphological abnormalities of the olfactory bulb and olfactory nerve, respectively, while 60.0% had abnormal olfactory bulb volumes. Conclusion Our findings implicate a conductive mechanism of OD, localized to the olfactory cleft, in approximately half of the affected COVID‐19 patients. Laryngoscope, 132:1260–1274, 2022

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“…Although we did not observe a relationship between olfactory changes and psychiatric symptoms or cognitive deficits in our preliminary data, with ongoing data collection, we will track longitudinal relationships between changes in olfactory structure, anosmia, and other neuropsychiatric symptoms. Prior work has shown that both OB volume and OS depth abnormalities can persist at 10-12 months after infection 45 .…”

Section: Olfactory Bulb Abnormalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survivors of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Show Neuropsychiatric Sequelae Measured by Surveys, Neurocognitive Testing, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Preliminary Results

Hack

Brawer²,

Chesnut³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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A significant number of individuals experience physical, cognitive, and mental health symptoms in the months after acute infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. This study assessed depressive and anxious symptoms, cognition, and brain structure and function in participants with symptomatic COVID-19 confirmed by PCR testing (n=100) approximately three months following infection, leveraging self-report questionnaires, objective neurocognitive testing, and structural and functional neuroimaging data. Preliminary results demonstrated that over 1/5 of our cohort endorsed clinically significant depressive and/or anxious symptoms, and >40% of participants had cognitive impairment on objective testing across multiple domains, consistent with ‘brain-fog’. While depression and one domain of quality of life (physical functioning) were significantly different between hospitalized and non-hospitalized participants, anxiety, cognitive impairment, and most domains of functioning were not, suggesting that the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection does not necessarily relate to the severity of neuropsychiatric outcomes and impaired functioning in the months after infection. Furthermore, we found that the majority of participants in a subset of our cohort who completed structural and functional neuroimaging (n=15) had smaller olfactory bulbs and sulci in conjunction with anosmia. We also showed that this subset of participants had dysfunction in attention network functional connectivity and ventromedial prefrontal cortex seed-based functional connectivity. These functional imaging dysfunctions have been observed previously in depression and correlated with levels of inflammation. Our results support and extend previous findings in the literature concerning the neuropsychiatric sequelae associated with long COVID. Ongoing data collection and analyses within this cohort will allow for a more comprehensive understanding of the longitudinal relationships between neuropsychiatric symptoms, neurocognitive performance, brain structure and function, and inflammatory and immune profiles.

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Changes in olfactory bulbus volume and olfactory sulcus depth in the chronic period after COVID-19 infection

Cited by 12 publications

References 16 publications

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may help patients with persistent COVID-19 smell dysfunction

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may help patients with persistent COVID-19 smell dysfunction

Neuroradiological Basis of COVID‐19 Olfactory Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

Survivors of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Show Neuropsychiatric Sequelae Measured by Surveys, Neurocognitive Testing, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Preliminary Results

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