Changes in neurite outgrowth but not in cell division induced by low EMF exposure: influence of field strength and culture conditions on responses in rat PC12 pheochromocytoma cells

Effects of Acute and Chronic Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure on PC12 Cells during Neuronal Differentiation

“…The lack of significant effect induced by ELF-EMFs, was also supported by the fact that GAP43 and MAP2, neuronal cytoscheletal markers, levels appeared similar in exposed cells to those of control ones. These results are apparently in contrast with the data already published [6,21,24,42] it should be considered that different ELF-EMF intensities and cell models (even if of the same phenotype) were reported.…”

“…Also McFarlane and colleagues reported, in PC12 cells, a neuritogenic effect induced by ELFEMFs after 23h exposure but in a different intensity range (4.35-8.25 T); while exposure to higher fields (8.25-15.8 μT) had no significant effect on neurite outgrowth [24].…”

Effects of 60-GHz millimeter waves on neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells using high-content screening

“…Most of those studies were showing a significant effect of EMF on neurite outgrowth. However, depending on the model and the exposure conditions, the effect can be an enhancement, or a decrease of neuronal differentiation [21,23,37]. A recent study proposed that the potential mechanism by which radiofrequencies interfere with neurite outgrowth is the disruption of specific transcription factor expression that control this process [23].…”

“…This assay has been used several times in bioelectromagnetics research. A study showed that extremely low frequency (ELF) EMF exposure (4.5-15.8 µT, 50 Hz AC) of PC12 cells can either reduce or increase neurite outgrowth, depending on the culture conditions [21]. For RF, it was reported by Del Vecchio et al [22] that exposure to GSM signal at 900 MHz, at 1W/kg, reduced the number of neurites generated in murine SN56 cholinergic cell line and rat primary cortical neurons.…”

Brain Inconspicuous Effect by Local Sinusoidal Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Exposure Based on Wavelet Packet Analysis: Innovation in Online Passive Neurofeedback Therapy by the Neuro-LSELF System

“…Although no intensive and systematic effects have yet been determined, one of the purposes of this study is to estimate the MF frequencies that have considerable influence on cerebral signals, which can then be used to design protocols to treat some psychological disorders. Ninno et al (2008) Superoxide radical generation by a weak field having the Larmor frequency (f L ) of Fe 2þ while the SOD1 kinetics are sensibly reduced by exposure to a weak field having the frequency f L of Cu 2þ ion Gerardi et al (2008) Affecting parameters like blood glucose and fatty acid metabolism Manikonda et al (2007) 50 Hz ELF-MF Modify in NMDA receptor function mediated by alteration of Ca 2þ signaling in rat hippocampus McFarlane, Dawe, Marks, & Campbell (2000) Changes in neuritis outgrowth, but not in cell division induced by ELF Piacentini, Ripoli, Mezzogori, Azzena, & Grassi (2008) Increases the expression and function voltage-gated Ca 2þ channels that Ca 2þ influx through Ca(v)1 channels, which plays a key role in promoting the neuronal differentiation of neural stem=progenitor cells (NSCs) Pirozzoli et al (2003) Modify gene-expression in neuron-like cells Salamino et al (2006) Weak magnetic fields strongly decreases the calpain catalytic activity…”