Traditional neurofeedback (NF) is a training approach aimed at altering brain activity using electroencephalography (EEG) rhythms as feedback. In NF training, external factors such as the subjects' intelligence can have an effect. In contrast, a low-energy NF system (LENS) does not require conscious effort from the subject, which results in fewer attendance sessions. However, eliminating the subject role seems to eliminate an important part of the NF system. This study investigated the facilitating effect on the theta-to-beta ratio from NF training, using a local sinusoidal extremely low frequency magnetic field (LSELF-MF) versus traditional NF. Twenty-four healthy, intelligent subjects underwent 10 training sessions to enhance beta (15-18 Hz), and simultaneously inhibit theta (4-7 Hz) and high beta (22-30 Hz) activity, at the Cz point in a 3-boat-race video game. Each session consisted of 3 statuses, PRE, DURING, and POST. In the DURING status, the NF training procedure lasted 10 minutes. Subjects were led to believe that they would be exposed to a magnetic field during NF training; however, 16 of the subjects who were assigned to the experimental group were really exposed to 45 Hz-360 µT LSELF-MF at Cz. For the 8 other subjects, only the coil was located at the Cz point with no exposure. The duty cycle of exposure was 40% (2-second exposure and 3-second pause). The results show that the theta-to-beta ratio in the DURING status of each group differs significantly from the PRE and POST statuses. Between-group analysis shows that the theta-to-beta ratio in the DURING status of the experimental group is significantly (P < .001) lower than in the sham group. The result shows the effect of LSELF-MF on NF training.
BACKGROUND
The current COVID-19 pandemic is affecting the life of many people worldwide and although the search and application of vaccines have made fast progress, there are currently only few medications available for risk patients or advanced stages of the disease. Although the predominant Omikron mutation seems to be more harmless we don't know today which new mutations will emerge in the future.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to explore if antiviral photodynamic therapy using Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) as photosensitizer in combination with blue and ultaviolet -A light for stimulation could be effective in early stages of the disease for quick reduction of viral load and to prevent the transition of the infection into advanced stages.
METHODS
This paper explores a new treatment system with a laser/LED treatment device combined with blue and UVA light therapy. This interventional, non-randomised study involved 140 subjects. Participants were allocated to receive either PDT plus daily testing for 5 days or to receive conventional care plus testing. The viral load and clinical symptoms were measured at the start of the study and after 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 168 hours
RESULTS
There was a difference of 6.68 threshold cycles in the mean viral load, with a confidence interval of [5.2; 8.17]. Welch’s t-test for two samples indicated this difference was significant (p < 0.01). The same test showed that the difference in the means of the control group was not significant.
CONCLUSIONS
PDT decreases viral load in patients in early stages of COVID-19.
CLINICALTRIAL
ISRCTN10839729 https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN10839729
Recently, interest has turned to the mathematical concept of chaos as an explanation for a variety of complex processes in nature. Because of this property, it is hypothesized that biomedical signal may be an example of chaos. In this review, some of our basic concepts of nonlinear dynamics and chaos are illustrated. Mathematical techniques developed to study the properties of nonlinear dynamical systems are outlined. Finally, the results of applying these techniques to the study of stomach disorders are discussed. The application of these powerful and novel mathematical techniques to analysis of the Gastric Electrical Activity (GEA) has provided now insights into the Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (FGD) and may have considerable utility in the diagnosis.
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