Changes in Mood, Craving, and Sleep During Short-term Abstinence Reported by Male Cocaine Addicts

Weddington, William W.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810210069010

Cited by 290 publications

(197 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Moreover, β 1 -adrenergic receptor expression in the amygdala returns to levels comparable to that of control animals following an intermediate-term withdrawal period. This data is compelling as it has been previously demonstrated that cocaine withdrawal-related symptomatology in humans is highest during early abstinence from cocaine use and gradually decreases during protracted abstinence in both inpatient and outpatient settings (Weddington et al, 1990;Satel et al, 1991;Coffey et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Betaxolol, a selective β1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, diminishes anxiety-like behavior during early withdrawal from chronic cocaine administration in rats

Rudoy

Bockstaele

2007

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

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Background-Anxiety has been indicated as one of the main symptoms of the cocaine withdrawal syndrome in human addicts and severe anxiety during withdrawal may potentially contribute to relapse. As alterations in noradrenergic transmission in limbic areas underlie withdrawal symptomatology for many drugs of abuse, the present study sought to determine the effect of cocaine withdrawal on β-adrenergic receptor (β 1 and β 2 ) expression in the amygdala.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Betaxolol, a selective β1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, diminishes anxiety-like behavior during early withdrawal from chronic cocaine administration in rats

Rudoy

Bockstaele

2007

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

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“…Abstinence periods between successive binges vary in length and have been characterized as a dysphoric mood state accompanied by changes such as hypersomnia, insomnia, and increased appetite (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV); Gawin and Kleber, 1985;American Psychiatric Association, 1994;Gawin, 1989Gawin, , 1991Weddington et al, 1990;Johanson et al, 1999). Based on this literature, we expected that foodmaintained behavior would occur predominantly during periods of low drug intake and would predict a recuperative, drug-abstinent period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Cocaine Self-Administration on Food-Reinforced Responding Using a Discrete Trial Procedure in Rats

Lynch

Roberts

2003

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Cocaine addiction has been characterized by a shift from controlled to uncontrolled and compulsive drug use. Using novel selfadministration procedures, we attempted to model this transitional phase and characterize the behavioral changes that underlie it. We chose to use food-reinforced responding across the light/dark cycle as an indicator of the degree to which cocaine was disrupting ongoing behavior as a potential measure of dysregulation. Four groups of rats (n ¼ 5-6) were given 24-h access to cocaine (1.5 mg/kg/inj) available in 2, 3, 4, or 5 discrete trials/h. All rats were given continuous access to a second lever that resulted in the delivery of a 45 mg food pellet under a fixed ratio 1 schedule. The results showed that under low access conditions (eg 2 discrete trials/h), both food-and cocainereinforced responding were diurnally regulated and occurred coincidentally. As access to cocaine was increased, there was a progressive disruption in the diurnal control over both food-and cocaine-maintained responding. High access conditions also produced transient decreases in the total levels of food-reinforced responding. These findings suggest that high access to cocaine under the discrete trial cocaine self-administration procedure produces a transient disruption in the diurnal control over behavior maintained by food and that the level of control (or loss of) may be a useful marker of dysregulation.

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“…Cocaine-addicted subjects had a primary DSM-IV diagnosis of cocaine dependence and cocaine was their lifetime drug of choice. They were 1-6 weeks abstinent 27.4 (SD 7.3)], which offered a relatively circumscribed period of abstinence, acclimation to the residential unit, and adequate time for the most marked effects of cocaine withdrawal to subside (Weddington et al, 1990). Cocaine-addicted subjects were recruited from patients requesting treatment for cocaine dependence at the Veteran's Administration Medical Center (n ¼ 11), Homeward Bound, (n ¼ 4), and Nexus Recovery Center (n ¼ 8) in Dallas, Texas.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered Neural Cholinergic Receptor Systems in Cocaine-Addicted Subjects

Adinoff

Devous

Williams

et al. 2010

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Changes in the brain's cholinergic receptor systems underlie several neuropsychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and depression. An emerging preclinical literature also reveals that acetylcoholine may have an important function in addictive processes, including reward, learning, and memory. This study was designed to assess alterations in cholinergic receptor systems in limbic regions of abstinent cocaine-addicted subjects compared with healthy controls. On three separate days, 23 1-to 6-week abstinent, cocaine-(and mostly nicotine-) addicted subjects and 22 sex-, age-, and race-matched control subjects were administered the muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic agonist physostigmine, the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine, and saline. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) after each infusion was determined using single photon emission-computed tomography. Both cholinergic probes induced rCBF changes (po0.005) in relatively distinct, cholinergic-rich, limbic brain regions. After physostigmine, cocaine-addicted subjects showed altered rCBF, relative to controls, in limbic regions, including the left hippocampus, left amygdala, and right insula. Group differences in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, and middle temporal gyrus were also evident. Scopolamine also revealed group differences in the left hippocampus and right insula as well as the posterior cingulate and middle temporal gyrus. Cocaine addicted and controls differ in their subcortical, limbic, and cortical response to cholinergic probes in areas relevant to craving, learning, and memory. Cholinergic systems may offer a pharmacologic target for cocaine addiction treatment.

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Changes in Mood, Craving, and Sleep During Short-term Abstinence Reported by Male Cocaine Addicts

Cited by 290 publications

References 31 publications

Betaxolol, a selective β1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, diminishes anxiety-like behavior during early withdrawal from chronic cocaine administration in rats

Betaxolol, a selective β1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, diminishes anxiety-like behavior during early withdrawal from chronic cocaine administration in rats

Effects of Cocaine Self-Administration on Food-Reinforced Responding Using a Discrete Trial Procedure in Rats

Altered Neural Cholinergic Receptor Systems in Cocaine-Addicted Subjects

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