Changes in left ventricular blood flow during diastole due to differences in chamber size in healthy dogs

Abstract

Vorticity is a novel index that reflects diastolic function of left ventricle. The size of the ventricle can influence the ventricular diastolic blood flow. We evaluated effect of ventricular size on diastolic function and diastolic intracardiac blood flow using a particular species of dogs, which has a wide range of body size. Vector flow mapping was used for evaluation of intracardiac blood flow, and intraventricular pressure gradient (IVPG) was used for evaluation of diastolic function. 58 dogs weighing 1.3-42.3 kg were included in this study. Vorticity was found to be inversely proportional to the length of the ventricular chamber. Intraventricular pressure difference was positively correlated with the length of the left ventricle, whereas IVPG was not. This study showed that the vorticity is influenced by the size of the left ventricle independently of other factors. To evaluate the hemodynamic state of each individual appropriately by using vorticity and IVPD, ventricular size should be taken into account especially in the field of veterinary medicine and human pediatric and adolescent cardiology.www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ vorticity and EL. A stepwise method was used for selection of the variables, choosing the variables which minimized Akaike's information criterion. ResultsStudy population. The number of cases was 58. The mean weight was 8.65 (1.3-42.3, SD 6.93) kg. The length of the left ventricle was 34.0 (21.9-49.0, SD 7.3) mm on average. The mean heart rate was 117.6 (66.0-Characteristics of the canine heart with various size. The mean value of the short axis inner diameter of the left ventricle (LVIDd) was SD 7.36) mm. The sphericity index (SI) of the left ventricle was 0.75 (0.51-1.0, SD 0.12). The relationship between short and long axis diameter was shown in Fig. 1. LVL was linearly correlated with LVIDd (R = 0.78, p < 0.01). Statistical correlation was not found between LVL and SI.Conventional indexes of diastolic property (E vel, e′, E/A, E/e′) were not statistically correlated with LVL.Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:1106 | https://doi.

The Utility of Intraventricular Pressure Gradient for Early Detection of Chemotherapy-Induced Subclinical Cardiac Dysfunction in Dogs

“…This point may be covered by DXR overdosing, but it would not be clinically approved. The number of dogs was also relatively small, but the normality of the produced data was acceptable, and our team showed good repeatability of the used techniques [ 11 ]. Besides, we did not study the changes in IVPG under anesthesia since a stable hemodynamic condition was followed in the used protocol.…”

“…IVPD is obtained from color M-mode echocardiographic (CMME) images using Euler's equation [10]. The intraventricular pressure gradient (IVPG) can be calculated by dividing the IVPD by the length of the left ventricle (LV); consequently, unlike the IVPD, IVPG is not affected by the size of the heart [11][12][13]. Generally, the length of the LV, from the mitral valve to the apex, is divided into basal, mid, and apical parts, and each has its corresponding IVPG index.…”

Assessment of the Cardiac Functions Using Full Conventional Echocardiography with Tissue Doppler Imaging before and after Xylazine Sedation in Male Shiba Goats

“…The presence of an accessory lung right lobe that partially obscuring the heart, gas-filled rumen against the diaphragm, the vertical orientation of the heart, and a large and thick sternum are the main obstacles to obtain good quality images during echocardiography in sheep and goats [35][36][37]. Our research group is qualified in the repetitive echocardiography of small animals as well as goats [23,38]. In the current study, a slight elevation of the animal from its back on the echocardiographic stand with proper orientation of the transducer was required sometimes for better alignment to measure the mitral inflow, aortic flow as well as the TDI from the left apical view.…”

Effect of Loading Changes on the Intraventricular Pressure Measured by Color M-Mode Echocardiography in Rats

“…IVPD obtained by CMME is considered a sensitive indicator of diastolic function [6] and has the advantage of repeatability, unlike invasive catheterization. Similarly, the IVPG exerts the same properties as IVPD without being affected by the LV length [8][9][10][11]. Generally, the length of the LV, from the mitral valve to the apex, is divided into basal, mid, and apical parts, and each part has its corresponding IVPD and IVPG indices and a defined role in the diagnosis of cardiac dysfunction.…”

“…Generally, the length of the LV, from the mitral valve to the apex, is divided into basal, mid, and apical parts, and each part has its corresponding IVPD and IVPG indices and a defined role in the diagnosis of cardiac dysfunction. For instance, it was reported that basal IVPD increases when congestion progresses, whereas mid IVPD decreases when diastolic dysfunction progresses [8,12]. Mid-to-apical IVPG was found to reflect the active relaxation of the LV during diastole, whereas the apical IVPG plays the main role in actively sucking the blood into the ventricle [13,14].…”