Assessment of the Cardiac Functions Using Full Conventional Echocardiography with Tissue Doppler Imaging before and after Xylazine Sedation in Male Shiba Goats

Abstract

The present study aimed to provide a complete conventional echocardiographic protocol in adult male Shiba goats by using two-dimensional, M-mode, Pulsed Wave Doppler, and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) echocardiography, and to study concomitantly xylazine-induced alteration of cardiac functions in a highly sensitive species. For this purpose, 12 male Shiba goats were included and complete conventional echocardiography from the standard right and left parasternal views was carried to report the echocardiographic data in male Shiba goats, and also before and after xylazine (Pre-Xyl and Post-Xyl) administration (0.05 mg/IM/kg). Results revealed that the full echocardiographic protocol was feasible in all goats through different cardiac windows and good Doppler alignment was achieved with non-significant variability for assessment of the left ventricular dimensions, trans-pulmonary, trans-aortic, and trans-mitral blood flow. The TDI, which was not reported previously in goats, was successfully assessed from the standard left apical view and showed distinct systolic and diastolic patterns. Xylazine administration was found to significantly reduce heart rate, fractional shortening, and cardiac output as well as the Doppler hemodynamic parameters of the pulmonary artery, aortic and mitral inflows (p < 0.05). For TDI, the Post-Xyl group revealed a significant decrease in the myocardial velocities of the septal and lateral wall of the left ventricle. The present study provides, for the first time, complete data of conventional echocardiography in male goats using the full protocol, which is routinely used in pet’s practice. Further, we illustrate in-depth the adverse effect of short-term sedative, xylazine, as used under field conditions and emphasize a simultaneous reduction in both systolic and diastolic cardiac function in goats based on full echocardiography assessment of the heart.

Expression of cardiac copper chaperone encoding genes and their correlation with cardiac function parameters in goats

“…Besides, the echocardiography has been evaluated only from the right side and without Doppler evaluation of the ow tracts because of the di culty to obtain Doppler alignment in the standing position. This has been previously attributed to the presence of gases-lled rumen (Leroux et al 2012) in addition to the large-sized goats included in this study compared with goats used in our previous report (Mandour et al 2020b).…”

“…The ECG-derived data included wave durations measured as milliseconds (ms), voltage expressed as millivolt (mv), as well as cardiac intervals (PR, RR, ST, QT) derived from the standard ECG waves (P, QRS, and T) measured as ms (Koether et al 2016). In standing position, right side two-dimensional and short-axis M-mode echocardiography at the level of the papillary muscles were performed using the ultrasound machine (EUB-7500, Hitachi Medical Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a sector probe (3-7 MHz; Model EUP-L65; Hitachi Medical Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) (Mandour et al 2020b). A detailed description of the preparation and recording procedures was previously described (Mandour et al 2021).…”

The Effect of Xylazine Premedication on the Dose and Quality of Anesthesia Induction with Alfaxalone in Goats

“…Furthermore, it was assumed that CO is likely to be maintained or minimally increased after alfaxalone administration due to a transient increase in HR and increased venous return along with reduced venous compliance [ 33 , 34 ]. A recent study revealed a significant decrease in HR, FS and CO post xylazine sedation [ 40 ]. In this study, the echocardiographic parameters did not show any significant change in the XYL-ALF group, indicating that premedication with xylazine before alfaxalone induction has less impact on the cardiovascular system than ALF induction alone.…”

Smart/stimuli-responsive hydrogels: Cutting-edge platforms for tissue engineering and other biomedical applications

“…Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are accounted as one reason for death in the globe; the statistics of people who die due to CVDs are increasing every year [ 363 ]. The advancement of cardiac function assessment techniques enables early detection, even prediction of many CVDs [ [364] , [365] , [366] , [367] ]. Different tissue engineering strategies are employed to overcome this problem considering the limited potency of human cardiac cells to complete regeneration.…”