Changes in Frequency and Pathogens Causing Acute Otitis Media in 1995–2003

Casey, Janet R.; Pichichero, Michael E.

doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000136871.51792.19

Cited by 370 publications

(212 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Others report that middle ear fluid from children with AOM in whom symptoms are persistent is sterile in 42% to 49% of cases. 123,182 A change in antibiotic may not be required in some children with mild persistent symptoms.…”

Section: Initial Antibiotic Treatment Failurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…105 In the first few years after PCV7 introduction, H influenzae became the most frequently isolated middle ear pathogen, replacing S pneumoniae. 122,123 Shortly thereafter, a shift to non-PCV7 serotypes of S pneumoniae was described. 124 Pichichero et al 104 later reported that 44% of 212 AOM cases seen in 2003-2006 were caused by H influenzae, and 28% were caused by S pneumoniae, with a high proportion of highly resistant S pneumoniae.…”

Section: Microbiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media

Tunkel

Rosenfeld²,

Sevilla³

et al. 2013

Pediatrics

1,060

832

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This evidence-based clinical practice guideline is a revision of the 2004 acute otitis media (AOM) guideline from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Academy of Family Physicians. It provides recommendations to primary care clinicians for the management of children from 6 months through 12 years of age with uncomplicated AOM.In 2009, the AAP convened a committee composed of primary care physicians and experts in the fields of pediatrics, family practice, otolaryngology, epidemiology, infectious disease, emergency medicine, and guideline methodology. The subcommittee partnered with the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Southern California Evidence-Based Practice Center to develop a comprehensive review of the new literature related to AOM since the initial evidence report of 2000. The resulting evidence report and other sources of data were used to formulate the practice guideline recommendations.The focus of this practice guideline is the appropriate diagnosis and initial treatment of a child presenting with AOM. The guideline provides a specific, stringent definition of AOM. It addresses pain management, initial observation versus antibiotic treatment, appropriate choices of antibiotic agents, and preventive measures. It also addresses recurrent AOM, which was not included in the 2004 guideline. Decisions were made on the basis of a systematic grading of the quality of evidence and benefit-harm relationships.The practice guideline underwent comprehensive peer review before formal approval by the AAP.This clinical practice guideline is not intended as a sole source of guidance in the management of children with AOM. Rather, it is intended to assist primary care clinicians by providing a framework for clinical decision-making. It is not intended to replace clinical judgment or establish a protocol for all children with this condition. These recommendations may not provide the only appropriate approach to the management of this problem. Pediatrics 2013;131:e964-e999

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Section: Initial Antibiotic Treatment Failurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Microbiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media

Tunkel

Rosenfeld²,

Sevilla³

et al. 2013

Pediatrics

1,060

832

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…At any given time, the majority of healthy adults and children over 5 years of age harbor this microorganism as a commensal in the nasopharynx (17,64). H. influenzae is a frequent cause of noninvasive disease, including respiratory infections (48,64) and otitis media (4,56,64). Infection by H. influenzae also produces invasive disease, including epiglottitis, pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis (54,64), and occasionally endophthalmitis, leading to blindness (2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Complex Role of Hemoglobin and Hemoglobin-Haptoglobin Binding Proteins in Haemophilus influenzae Virulence in the Infant Rat Model of Invasive Infection

Seale¹,

Morton²,

Whitby³

et al. 2006

Infect Immun

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Haemophilus influenzae requires an exogenous heme source for aerobic growth in vitro. Hemoglobin or hemoglobin-haptoglobin satisfies this requirement. Heme acquisition from hemoglobin-haptoglobin is mediated by proteins encoded by hgp genes. Both Hgps and additional proteins, including those encoded by the hxu operon, provide independent pathways for hemoglobin utilization. Recently we showed that deletion of the set of three hgp genes from a nontypeable strain (86-028NP) of H. influenzae attenuated virulence in the chinchilla otitis media model of noninvasive disease. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of the hgp genes in virulence of the wild-type serotype b clinical isolate HI689 in the infant rat model of hematogenous meningitis, an established model of invasive disease requiring aerobic growth. Bacteremia of high titer and long duration (>14 days) and histopathologically confirmed meningitis occurred in >95% of infant rats challenged at 5 days of age with strain HI689. While mutations disrupting either the Hgp-or Hxu-mediated pathway of heme acquisition had no effect on virulence in infant rats, an isogenic mutant deficient for both pathways was unable to sustain bacteremia or produce meningitis. In contrast, mutations disrupting either pathway decreased the limited ability of H. influenzae to initiate and sustain bacteremia in weanling rats. Biochemical and growth studies also indicated that infant rat plasma contains multiple heme sources that change with age. Taken together, these data indicate that both the hgp genes and the hxuC gene are virulence determinants in the rat model of human invasive disease.

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“…Otitis media occurs when bacteria migrate from the nasopharynx to the middle ear by the Eustachian tube; thus, nasopharyngeal colonization is a key element in the pathogenesis of infection. A decrease in colonization by vaccine serotypes of the pneumococcus has occurred, along with an increase in colonization by nonvaccine pneumo coccal serotypes, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis, resulting in a shift in the pathogens that cause otitis media [14,15]. Revai et al demonstrated an increased prevalence of M. catarrhalis in the nasopharynx during episodes of otitis media in children who had received the vaccine compared with episodes prior to the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine [16].…”

Section: Effect Of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine development forMoraxella catarrhalis: rationale, approaches and challenges

Murphy¹

2009

Expert Review of Vaccines

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Changes in Frequency and Pathogens Causing Acute Otitis Media in 1995–2003

Cited by 370 publications

References 26 publications

The Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media

The Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media

Complex Role of Hemoglobin and Hemoglobin-Haptoglobin Binding Proteins in Haemophilus influenzae Virulence in the Infant Rat Model of Invasive Infection

Vaccine development forMoraxella catarrhalis: rationale, approaches and challenges

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