Changes in beta‐adrenergic neurotransmission during postoperative ileus in rat circular jejunal muscle

Abstract

Inhibitory effects of isoprenaline on contractile activity were decreased for 7 days postoperatively. Changes in β-adrenergic neurotransmission do not induce postoperative ileus and appear to be caused by anesthesia and laparotomy rather than bowel manipulation.

Changes in peptidergic neurotransmission during postoperative ileus in rat circular jejunal muscle

“…An established model of POI was used to study combined effects of anesthesia, laparotomy, and small intestinal manipulation . In brief, animals were anesthetized by inhalation of 2% isoflurane (Abbott, Wiesbaden, Germany), a 3‐cm midline laparotomy was performed, the entire small intestine was manipulated extensively for 5 min with two moist cotton applicators, and the laparotomy was closed with a running suture.…”

“…The mucosa of a jejunal segment directly proximal to the segment used for contractility studies was removed and the tissue was stretched 150% in length and 250% in width, fixed in 100% ethanol for 10 min, and washed in 0.01 M phosphate buffered saline with 0.3% Triton X (PBT). Staining for myeloperoxidase (MPO)‐positive cells (neutrophils and monocytes), mast cells and macrophages was performed as described before . To stain MPO‐positive cells, fixed whole mounts were incubated for 10 min in a 1 : 10 dilution of 10 mL KRB, containing 10 mg Hanker‐Yates‐reagent (Polysciences, Warrington, PA, USA) and 100 μ l hydrogen peroxide .…”

Animal Models for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders

“…During this early stage, the inhibitory reflex pathway is activated, inhibiting gut motility. The transit time is delayed from 12 h up to 1 week after the surgery (240). At 24 h after the surgery, small intestine and colonic transit were delayed and associated with increased cytokine expression within the smooth muscle layer.…”

“…Overactivation of the insular cortex related with colonic hypersensitivity (19) (Continued) Increased mast cells density (145) In WKY rat activated mast cells, MPO level & transient hyperpermeability, alteration of mitochondrial activity (146) Anxiety-like and depression-like symptoms Early transient changes (Day 3) in the nitrergic expression in the PFC, hippocampus, hypothalamus (147) Social isolation Alterations in the IL-18 pathway and MUC2/TFF3 expression (149) Anxiety-like and depression-like symptoms Reduced BDNF levels & increased reactivity of the HPA axis (148) Changes in the nitrergic expression in the PFC, hippocampus, hypothalamus (147) Abdominal surgery Impaired gastric emptying Low ghrelin concentration (249,251,252) Impaired motility through the activation of the inhibitory reflex pathway increased cytokines expression (TNFa, IL1α, IL6, IL1β, CCL2) (241) infiltration resident macrophages (245) Impaired motility, delayed transit increased cytokines expression in muscular layers (240) 241Increased permeability non-related to TLR2/4 (244) Activation of nuclei (supraoptic nucleus, locus coeruleus, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus & rostral raphe pallidus) expressing nucleobindin2/nefastin complex involved in the decrease of food intake and GI transit (253) 5HT, serotonin; 5HT1A/1B/2A/2B, serotonin receptor type 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B; ACTH, adreno cortico trophic hormone; AMPA, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CCL2, chemokine ligand 2; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; CRHR1 corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1; D1/2/3/4/8/10, day 1/2/3/4/8/10; Eo, eosinophils; GC-C/cGMP, guanylate cyclase C/cyclic guanylin monophosphate; GI, Gastrointestinal; GR, Glucocorticoid receptor; HPA, hypothalamus-pituitaryadrenal; IL, interleukin; MC, mast cell; MPO, myeloperoxidase activity; MUC2, Mucin 2; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; PFC, prefrontal cortex; SC, spinal cord; SERT, serotonin transporter; TFF3, rail fold factor 3; WKY, wistar kyoto. (29), etc.…”

Effect of DA-9701, a Novel Prokinetic Agent, on Post-operative Ileus in Rats

“…The GIT protocol was modified from published procedures. 34,35 Intestinal transit was studied in all animals by gavage of 2 mL semisolid charcoal solution (5% charcoal and 5% gum arabicum in distilled water). The time at which the animals were killed was based on previous tests on normal rats.…”