Change of Scaling‐Induced Proinflammatory Cytokine on the Clinical Efficacy of Periodontitis Treatment

Abstract

Proinflammatory cytokines are key inflammatory mediators in periodontitis. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between proinflammatory cytokines in saliva and periodontal status. To investigate the usefulness of cytokines in the therapeutic approach for periodontal disease, the relationship between stimulated cytokine changes and the periodontitis treatment outcome was investigated in this study. Saliva was obtained from 22 patients diagnosed by dentists as having chronic periodontitis. The proinflammatory cytokine (interleukin-1α (IL-1α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and tumor necrosis factor β (TNF-β)) levels were determined using a commercially available kit. The IL-1β and IL-6 levels increased, whereas the TNF-β levels decreased with the severity of periodontitis (4 mm pocket percentage). Poststimulation IL-1α, IL-6, and IL-8 levels were higher in patients who had an improved treatment outcome. The differences of IL-6 levels (cut point: 0.05 μg/g) yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 90.0% and 81.82%, respectively, for predicting the periodontitis treatment outcome. Among the proinflammatory cytokines, stimulated IL-6 was an excellent marker for predicting the periodontitis treatment outcome.

The Effect of Scaling and Root Planning on Salivary TNF-α and IL-1α Concentrations in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis

“…In addition to the mentioned studies, Shy [ 30 ] study reported increase in TNF-α level after non-surgical treatment and improvement in clinical indices. Despite common belief that periodontal pathogens cause progressive destruction of periodontal tissue via severe immune response induction, some in vitro studies showed that periodontal pathogens, compared to non-pathogenic factors, cause lower level of inflammatory cytokines induction [ 45 - 50 ].…”

“…Shy study reported that salivary IL-1α level increased in patients who responded to treatment [ 30 ]. In Front study, IL-1α level showed a decrease by 51% after treatment.…”

“…Non-surgical therapy including scaling and root planning is effective treatment for periodontal diseases [ 30 ]. Low intensity ultrasonic waves activate cellular growth signaling pathway and stimulate circulating angiogenic cells [ 31 , 32 ].…”

Diagnostic accuracy of IL1β in saliva: The development of predictive models for estimating the probability of the occurrence of periodontitis in non‐smokers and smokers

“…Although it has been suggested that IL1β can discriminate between inactive and active periodontal lesions, there are very few diagnostic accuracy studies that have investigated it in saliva as a way to evaluate the response to periodontal treatment (Lee, Chen, Tu, Wu, & Chang, 2018; Shyu et al, 2015). The methodological approach in the present paper is different because we evaluate for the first time the capacity of IL1β in saliva to distinguish untreated from treated periodontitis demonstrating clinical improvement and differentiating between non‐smokers and smokers.…”

The effect of carbonate apatite membrane gelatin application on IL-1β level gingival crevicular fluid in chronic periodontitis patients

“…Inflammatory mediators are activated when bacteria accumulates in the gingival region. 2,4,5 Interleukin-1 is a term for some cytokine polypeptides, such as IL-1α, IL-1ß, and IL-1ra, which play an essential role in the regulation of the immune system and the inflammatory response. Macrophages or lymphocytes activate interleukin-1; otherwise, it can be produced by other cells, including mast cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells.…”