Challenges and Opportunities for Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probes in Redox Biology Applications

Abstract

The low physiological relevant concentrations of most ROS/RNS call for new sensing reactions with better selectivity, kinetics, and reversibility; fluorophores with high quantum yield, wide wavelength coverage, and Stokes shifts; and structural design with good aqueous solubility, membrane permeability, low protein interference, and organelle specificity. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 518-540.

Fluorescent probes for organelle-targeted bioactive species imaging

“…),10 reactive nitrogen species (RNS, including ONOO – , NO, NO 2 , HNO, etc. ),11 reactive sulfur species (RSS, including GSH, Hcy, Cys, H 2 S, H 2 S n , SO 2 derivatives, etc. ),1e,f,12 ATP,13 HCHO14 and so on.…”

PiQSARS: A pipeline for quantitative and statistical analyses of ratiometric fluorescent biosensors

“…Since their discovery, fluorescent probes have been engineered to accurately monitor and quantify in real-time an increasing variety of physiological parameters in living cells such as ion concentration variations [1] , cysteines [2] , pH [3] , enzymatic activity [4] or oxidative stress [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] , but also various cellular compounds [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] . Genetically-encoded fluorescent proteins are of particular interest as they can be addressed to specific organelles, such as the nucleus or the mitochondria, allowing a subcellular resolution [13 , 14] .…”

In vivomonitoring of tissue regeneration using a ratiometric lysosomal AIE probe

“…And the large size of the uorescent protein may affect the function of the fused protein. [21][22][23] Another popular method of uorescence imaging is uorescence immunohistochemical staining, 7,21,22 but it requires cell xation and permeabilization, which can possibly lead to defects, including protein extraction or relocalization, epitope blockage and inability to perform real-time imaging. Thus, information obtained about certain biological processes may be incorrect or missing.…”

“…Small-molecule uorescent probes have become powerful tools for biological detections due to the advantages of easy synthesis, wide varieties, simple operation, high selectivity, fast recognition, and so on. 23,35,36 Among the uorescent probes, intensity-based uorescent probes are not suitable for quantitative analysis because they are affected by many factors, including probe concentration variation and uneven distribution, temperature, environmental polarity, and excitation light uctuation. [37][38][39][40][41] In contrast, ratiometric probes can overcome the systematic errors and are more accurate for quantication.…”