Cervical spine fractures with major associated trauma

A review of cervical spine injury associated with maxillofacial trauma at a UK tertiary referral centre

“…This is consistent with the majority of studies in the literature, which report incidences ranging from 0% to 8%. [1][2][3][4][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][22][23][24][25] Additionally, in our study, trauma patients with maxillofacial fractures had a twofold higher incidence of concomitant CSI compared with trauma patients without maxillofacial injury. This finding has been replicated in several studies [23][24][25][26] but not all.…”

“…The differences in these factors between studies have led to inconsistent observations of injury patterns. [1][2][3][4][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] In our study at a single tertiary centre for trauma, we observed several trends in CSI as described above, for which we have provided biomechanical explanations.…”

“…[5][6][7][8] The majority of cohort studies have reported wide variations in the incidence of CSI in maxillofacial trauma patients, ranging between 0% and 8%, in part owing to differences in the mechanism of injury, anatomical location of impact, location of trauma centre, and patient demographics including age and sex. [1][2][3][4][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] In specific subgroups of patients such as RTA fatalities, the incidence of CSI has been cited as high as 24%. 9 Trauma protocols including the Advanced Trauma Life Support ® manual stress the importance of the association between maxillofacial injury and CSI, and the catastrophic consequences that can ensue if the diagnosis is missed or its presence or absence ignored.…”

Cervical Spine Injury in Association with Craniomaxillofacial Fractures

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Estimates approaching 24 percent have been reported in large series of trauma deaths. 22 Trauma protocols stress the importance of the association between craniomaxillofacial and cervical spine injuries and the disastrous consequences that can ensue if the diagnosis is missed or its presence or absence ignored; but the incidence, frequency, and type of cervical spinal trauma in various facial fracture patterns have been poorly delineated.…”

Effects of Exercise Training and Inspiratory Muscle Training in Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review

“…The respiratory system has other important roles, such as speaking and posture-related activities (eg, trunk stability), which can also be negatively affected by the SCI, especially with higher lesions. Respiratory system complications can be exacerbated by preexisting medical conditions, history of smoking, advanced age, and therapeutic measures to manage the resuscitation phase of the injured patient (6)(7)(8).…”