Cervical kinematics during drinking in developing chickens

Heidweiller, J.; Leeuw, Angélique H. J. Van Der; Zweers, G. A.

doi:10.1002/jez.1402620204

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Yet, the strength of the functional signals is different as discussed above. The cervical vertebral column is indispensable to position the head during all kinds of behavior (Boas, ; Zusi, ; Heidweiller et al ). Consequently, the anatomy of the neck may appear not extremely specialized as a result of the great range of demands.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gulper, ripper and scrapper: anatomy of the neck in three species of vultures

2019

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The head−neck system of birds is a highly complex structure that performs a variety of demanding and competing tasks. Morphofunctional adaptations to feeding specializations have previously been identified in the head and neck, but performance is also influenced by other factors such as its phylogenetic history. In order to minimize the effects of this factor, we here analyzed the anatomy of three closely related vultures that distinctly differ in feeding strategy. Vultures, as obligate scavengers, have occupied a special ecological niche by exclusively feeding on carrion. However, competition among sympatric vultures led to ecological differences such as preference of certain types of food from a carcass. Via comparative dissections we systematically described the craniocervical anatomy in the Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus), the Cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) and the Hooded vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus) that exploit the same food resources in different ways. Our results revealed differences in the number of cervical vertebrae, in the morphology of the atlas−axis complex as well as in the neck musculature despite overall similarities in the musculoskeletal system. Gulpers, rippers and scrappers adopt specific postures while feeding from a carcass, but the cervical vertebral column is indispensable to position the head during all kinds of behavior. The great range of demands may explain the conservation of the overall muscle topography of the neck across the studied taxa.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gulper, ripper and scrapper: anatomy of the neck in three species of vultures

2019

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“…2) shows that cervical spine scaling is not uniform across mammalian lineages and that a good approximation of actual neck length cannot be extrapolated from body size in all clades (particularly for large-sized species and in carnivorans, cetartiodactyles, and marsupials). This variability is most likely due to the diversity of functional demands on the neck, as it is the main head actuator during daily activities (grooming, mating, drinking, exploration/sensing, and different modes of locomotion, posture, and foraging) (Heidweiller et al 1992).…”

Section: Body Size and Neck Length In Mammalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We assume that variation in neck length is generally limited by body size due to its biomechanical requirements as a cantilever (as also argued by Kummer 1959a,b). However, the various scaling patterns permit the adjustment of neck length to the demands of head movement and posture (e.g., grooming, mating, drinking, foraging, locomotion, and posture; see Heidweiller et al 1992) within this limited possible variation. In some species and lineages, natural selection even favored an extreme increase or decrease in neck length.…”

Section: In Mammalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential scaling patterns of vertebrae and the evolution of neck length in mammals

2017

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Almost all mammals have seven vertebrae in their cervical spines. This consistency represents one of the most prominent examples of morphological stasis in vertebrae evolution. Hence, the requirements associated with evolutionary modifications of neck length have to be met with a fixed number of vertebrae. It has not been clear whether body size influences the overall length of the cervical spine and its inner organization (i.e., if the mammalian neck is subject to allometry). Here, we provide the first large-scale analysis of the scaling patterns of the cervical spine and its constituting cervical vertebrae. Our findings reveal that the opposite allometric scaling of C1 and C2-C7 accommodate the increase of neck bending moment with body size. The internal organization of the neck skeleton exhibits surprisingly uniformity in the vast majority of mammals. Deviations from this general pattern only occur under extreme loading regimes associated with particular functional and allometric demands. Our results indicate that the main source of variation in the mammalian neck stems from the disparity of overall cervical spine length. The mammalian neck reveals how evolutionary disparity manifests itself in a structure that is otherwise highly restricted by meristic constraints.

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“…The Mallard and especially the Swan have relatively longer necks than Rhea and Chicken. VAN DER LEEUW (1992) has shown that within Waterfowl, neck length shows a positive allometric increase with body weight. This is true for birds in general as well (Bout, unpublished) .…”

Section: Body Dimensionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary Morphology of the Neck System in Ratites, Fowl and Waterfowl

Leeuw¹,

Bout²,

Zweers³

2001

Netherlands Journal of Zoology

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The avian neck is a complex, kinematically redundant system that controls the position and orientation of the head. The kinematic redundancy is resolved by movement principles, which result in characteristic movement patterns. General neck movement patterns are compared between Ratites, Fowl and Waterfowl in order to nd a relationship with anatomical differences and to identify the biological role(s) to which neck movement is adapted. Kinematic analyses show that Fowl move their vertebrae according to a minimal rotation principle that maximizes rotation ef ciency. The resulting movement pattern shows rotations in some joints, while keeping the other vertebrae as straight bars. Waterfowl show a pattern of successive, rather than simultaneous rotations of vertebrae, limited to the rostral part of the neck. A third movement pattern is found in Ratites, which show successive rotations of the vertebrae in the middle region of the neck. The ratite-pattern is related to large vertical head trajectories, and is occasionaly also found in the Chicken. However, due to large body movements in the Chicken, head trajectories are relatively much shorter than in the Rhea. A kinematic neck model based on the minimal rotation principle only produces the Waterfowl pattern if a constraint on the movement of the caudal vertebrae is introduced. We conclude that a fundamental change occurred in the movement pattern of the Waterfowl neck, which is energetically advantageous and an adaptation to aquatic feeding.

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Cervical kinematics during drinking in developing chickens

Cited by 17 publications

References 9 publications

Gulper, ripper and scrapper: anatomy of the neck in three species of vultures

Gulper, ripper and scrapper: anatomy of the neck in three species of vultures

Differential scaling patterns of vertebrae and the evolution of neck length in mammals

Evolutionary Morphology of the Neck System in Ratites, Fowl and Waterfowl

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