Cervical cancer in low and middle‑income countries (Review)

Hull, Rodney; Mbele, Mzwandile; Makhafola, Tshepiso Jan; Hicks, Chindo; Wang, Shaoming; Reis, Rui Manuel; Mehrotra, Ravi; Mkhize‐Kwitshana, Zilungile L.; Kibiki, Gibson; Bates, David O.; Dlamini, Zodwa

doi:10.3892/ol.2020.11754

Cited by 219 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…In the Middle East and North Africa, the first steps to implement national screening programmes based on visual inspection tests are being currently complete [ 82 ]. The cervical cancer screening coverage in Southern Africa ranges between 4.1 and 38.0% [ 83 ]. One preventive strategy used in South Africa was the introduction of the HPV vaccine.…”

Section: Cervical Cancer Screening Around the Worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines in the Postvaccination Era: Review of the Literature

Liverani

Giuseppe

Giannella

et al. 2020

Journal of Oncology

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Cervical cancer is relatively rare in high-income countries, where organized screening programs are in place, as well as opportunistic ones. As the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates increase, the prevalence of cervical precancers and cancers is going to decrease rapidly very soon, even if, in the most optimistic scenario, it is unlikely that optimal vaccination coverage will be achieved. Then, the optimal screening paradigm for cervical cancer prevention in the postvaccination era is still debated. Screening guidelines are being developed with the aim of reducing the number of tests a woman needs during her lifetime, in order to receive the maximum benefit from screening, while decreasing potential harms that may result with the use of a screening strategy (overdiagnosis, overtreatment, anxiety, and costs). With this purpose in mind, new management guidelines for cervical cancer screening abnormalities are recommendations based on risks, not on results. This review aims to summarize the process that led to the introduction of the HPV DNA test in screening programs and the different screening strategies. Moreover, it aims to introduce the new risk-based guidelines for the future, where full HPV genotyping can resize the risk on the basis of specific high-risk genotypes. In the same way, the data regarding HPV vaccination could be introduced as soon as women vaccinated with the nonavalent vaccine reach the screening age, with the recommendation of a prolonged screening interval.

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Section: Cervical Cancer Screening Around the Worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines in the Postvaccination Era: Review of the Literature

Liverani

Giuseppe

Giannella

et al. 2020

Journal of Oncology

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“…Effective screening programs have been introduced in many industrialized countries. However, in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), “Pap smear” programs have mainly been limited to offering the test to women present in primary health care centers and other health clinics [ 7 , 8 ]. For this reason, the current prevention programs in these countries are not having a major impact in terms of decreasing mortality [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of MicroRNAs Involved in Cervical Cancer Progression

Causin

Freitas

Filho

et al. 2021

Cells

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To obtain a better understanding on the role of microRNAs in the progression of cervical cancer, a systematic review was performed to analyze cervical cancer microRNA studies. We provide an overview of the studies investigating microRNA expression in relation to cervical cancer (CC) progression, highlighting their common outcomes and target gene interactions according to the regulatory pathways. To achieve this, we systematically searched through PubMed MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar for all articles between April 2010 and April 2020, in accordance with the PICO acronym (participants, interventions, comparisons, outcomes). From 27 published reports, totaling 1721 cases and 1361 noncancerous control tissue samples, 26 differentially expressed microRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were identified in different International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages of cervical cancer development. It was identified that some of the dysregulated microRNAs were associated with specific stages of cervical cancer development. The results indicated that DEmiRNAs in different stages of cervical cancer were functionally involved in several key hallmarks of cancer, such as evading growth suppressors, enabling replicative immortality, activation of invasion and metastasis, resisting cell death, and sustained proliferative signaling. These dysregulated microRNAs could play an important role in cervical cancer’s development. Some of the stage-specific microRNAs can also be used as biomarkers for cancer classification and monitoring the progression of cervical cancer.

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“…Of the African countries, the burden of cervical cancer is higher in southern Africa. In 2018 the incidence of CC was 43.1% with a 20% mortality rate (11). Scientists predicted that by the year 2030, more than 443,000 women die of CC; and the majority (398,700) of the deaths will occur in SSA (1,12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake and Determinant Factors Among Women in Ambo Town, Western Oromia, Ethiopia: Community based Cross Sectional Study

Natae

Nigatu

Negawo

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Cervical cancer is one of the principal causes of cancer death among women worldwide. It is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death in Ethiopian women; about 77.6% of women died of 6,294 new cases reported in 2019. Early screening for cervical cancer has substantial advantage to reduce the incidence, morbidity, and mortality attributed to cervical cancer. So far, there are limited evidence on the level of cervical cancer screening uptake and its determinant in low- and middle-income countries including Ethiopia. Consequently, the current study aimed to assess the level of cervical cancer screening uptake and its determinant among women of Ambo town, western Oromia, Ethiopia.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 422 women aged 20-65years. Systematic random sampling was employed to recruit the eligible women from randomly selected sub-districts found in Ambo town. Interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Epi info was used for data entry and management from which it was exported to SPSS version 25 for detailed analysis. Variables in binary logistic regression with a p-value <0.25 were candidate for multivariable logistic regression. Estimates were presented using odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CI. Statistical Significance was declared at p value<0.05.Results: In the present study 392 women were participated giving a response rate of 93%. Overall, 63% of the respondents were known the availability of cervical cancer screening service. Only 8.7% (34) of the study participants were received cervical cancer screening in their lifetime. Being in the age group of 30-39 years (AOR=3.2; 95% CI [1.22, 8.36]) and 40-49years (AOR=4.8; 95% CI [1.42, 16.41]), having cervical cancer related discussion with health care provider (AOR=3.5; 95% CI [1.17, 10.7]), and knowing availability cervical cancer screening service (AOR=2.8; 95% CI [1.03, 7.87]) were significantly associated with uptake of cervical cancer screening. Conclusion: In this study, cervical cancer screening uptake is very low. The study also highlighted important factors that affect uptake of cervical cancer screening service. Therefore, this study result call urgent interventions by all stockholders to increase cervical cancer service uptake through continues promotions and by securing its availability and accessibility for all eligible women at all levels.

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Cervical cancer in low and middle‑income countries (Review)

Cited by 219 publications

References 139 publications

Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines in the Postvaccination Era: Review of the Literature

Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines in the Postvaccination Era: Review of the Literature

A Systematic Review of MicroRNAs Involved in Cervical Cancer Progression

Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake and Determinant Factors Among Women in Ambo Town, Western Oromia, Ethiopia: Community based Cross Sectional Study

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