Cerebrovascular Complications of Methamphetamine Abuse

Ho, Emily; Josephson, S. Andrew; Lee, Han S.; Smith, Wade S.

doi:10.1007/s12028-008-9177-5

Cited by 126 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…These results are commensurate with what is also known about severe hyperthermia and exposure to amphetamines to the brain vasculature in general 18,19,20 . Human clinical data supports the belief that the subdural vasculature is sensitive to damage by amphetamine and methamphetamine 21,22 . As well, the major and minor cerebral vasculatures including those in the pial layer of the meninges that are harvested in MAV are of potentially high interest when investigating concussive types of head trauma 23,24 25 .…”

Section: Interpretting Gene Expression Data From Harvested Mav and Chmentioning

confidence: 64%

A Visual Description of the Dissection of the Cerebral Surface Vasculature and Associated Meninges and the Choroid Plexus from Rat Brain

Bowyer

Thomas

Patterson

et al. 2012

JoVE

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This video presentation was created to show a method of harvesting the two most important highly vascular structures, not residing within the brain proper, that support forebrain function. They are the cerebral surface (superficial) vasculature along with associated meninges (MAV) and the choroid plexus which are necessary for cerebral blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis. The tissue harvested is suitable for biochemical and physiological analysis, and the MAV has been shown to be sensitive to damage produced by amphetamine and hyperthermia 1,2 . As well, the major and minor cerebral vasculatures harvested in MAV are of potentially high interest when investigating concussive types of head trauma. The MAV dissected in this presentation consists of the pial and some of the arachnoid membrane (less dura) of the meninges and the major and minor cerebral surface vasculature. The choroid plexus dissected is the structure that resides in the lateral ventricles as described by Oldfield and McKinley 3,4,5,6 . The methods used for harvesting these two tissues also facilitate the harvesting of regional cortical tissue devoid of meninges and larger cerebral surface vasculature, and is compatible with harvesting other brain tissues such as striatum, hypothalamus, hippocampus, etc. The dissection of the two tissues takes from 5 to 10 min total. The gene expression levels for the dissected MAV and choroid plexus, as shown and described in this presentation can be found at GSE23093 (MAV) and GSE29733 (choroid plexus) at the NCBI GEO repository. This data has been, and is being, used to help further understand the functioning of the MAV and choroid plexus and how neurotoxic events such as severe hyperthermia and AMPH adversely affect their function. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at https://www.jove.com/video/4285/ ProtocolAlthough not shown in the video, rats were first given an overdose of 300 mg/kg of pentobarbital, resulting in anesthesia in less than 3 min, and then killed by decapitation. Their brains were then rapidly but carefully removed from the skull and chilled in ice-cold normal saline for 5 min. It is important to let the brain cool for this amount of time prior to dissecting the MAV so that the MAV can be separated from the surface of the cortex (top of layer I). The brain was then placed in the bottom of a glass Petri dish resting on ice that was full (1 cm deep) of ice-cold normal saline or 0.1 M sodium phosphate-buffered saline pH=7.4. All the dissection is done with the brain for the most part immersed in saline. Removal of the Pineal Gland1. Place the brain dorsal side up (relative to the bottom of the Petri dish). The pineal gland is located at the most caudal ventral region between the two hemispheres just rostral to the cerebellum (pineal recess), and is just below or at the surface of the meninges over the colliculi. Remove the pineal gland first using two small bent tip forceps. It is pink in color like the cortex but is often surrounded in remnants o...

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Section: Interpretting Gene Expression Data From Harvested Mav and Chmentioning

confidence: 64%

A Visual Description of the Dissection of the Cerebral Surface Vasculature and Associated Meninges and the Choroid Plexus from Rat Brain

Bowyer

Thomas

Patterson

et al. 2012

JoVE

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“…While cardiological, neurological, psychiatric, and cognitive comorbidities of chronic stimulant exposure have been recognized well [2][3][4][5][6][7][8], the systematic characterisation of social dysfunctions of stimulant users is only an emerging field of addiction research. This is surprising insofar as it has been phenomenologically described decades ago that chronic stimulant users display pronounced self-centred behaviours and difficulties with interpersonal relationships [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social cognition and interaction in stimulant use disorders

Quednow

2017

Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences

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Beyond impairments in attention, memory, and executive functions, chronic users of stimulant drugs also display specific disturbances in social cognition, which are contributing to social dysfunctions in their daily life. Recent studies have shown overlapping alterations in fear recognition from faces, emotion recognition from complex visual stimuli, emotional empathy, and mental and emotional perspective-taking (Theory-of-Mind) in stimulant users. Additionally, stimulant users often have smaller social networks and show less prosocial behaviour in game-theoretical social decision-making tasks. In social interaction and social feedback tasks during functional imaging cocaine users revealed decreased activation of the medial-frontal reward system. In conclusion, training of social reward and social cognition might improve social functioning including therapeutic relationships and, thus, enhance treatment success in stimulant addiction.

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“…The dominant view is that illicit methamphetamine use causes a broad range of cognitive impairments [60]. In addition, Methamphetamine abuse is associated with multiple deleterious medical consequences, including paranoia mimicking full-blown psychosis [61] and hypertensive crisis leading to stroke [62].…”

Section: Stimulantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Doping for Chess Performance

Golf¹

2015

J Sports Med Doping Stud

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During a chess game, the needed energy is first derived instantly from ATP and creatine-phosphate, then within a few seconds later from glycogen stores in brain, glycogen, muscle and liver and finally, 1-2 hours later from adipose tissue. Anaerobic oxidation of glucose-derivative from glycogen delivers energy 6 times faster than aerobic oxidation of glucose and oxidation of fatty acids; correspondingly, mental activity can perform as well 6 times faster as long as glycogen is available.The mental profile of chess players correlates with cerebral processes such as attention, conflict solution, memory, motivation and recognition, which together constitute a specific chess-domain expertise.A chess player may compete best when a) regularly physical exercise is carried out to compete in strenuous chess tournaments and to stimulate mental cognition, b) super compensated glycogen is accumulated in brain, muscle and liver by corresponding nutrition and physical and mental activities, and c. an active mental disposition is available for complex brain tasks during chess by complementary treatment schemes e.g., cogni-tive enhancement (CE) by chess training with chess boards, chess books, building chess images, visual observation of chess games, vocational training with chess, metacognitive training, and additionally regular light physical stress. An illicit improvement of brain performance for chess playing may be achieved by several measures:1.Increase of O 2 supply by therapy with erythropoietin (EPO) for chess tournaments at high altitudes and for chess players with lung diseases 2.Increase of body glycogen by therapy with insulin Regular non-medical use of steroid and proteohormones in elevated concentrations and CE-drugs must also consider numerous side effects ranging from simple metabolic disturbances through cardiac problems to cognitive decline to tumorgenesis and sudden death.

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Cerebrovascular Complications of Methamphetamine Abuse

Cited by 126 publications

References 39 publications

A Visual Description of the Dissection of the Cerebral Surface Vasculature and Associated Meninges and the Choroid Plexus from Rat Brain

A Visual Description of the Dissection of the Cerebral Surface Vasculature and Associated Meninges and the Choroid Plexus from Rat Brain

Social cognition and interaction in stimulant use disorders

Doping for Chess Performance

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