Cerebral malaria

Abstract

Malaria is one of the main public health problems in endemic areas, with 300 to 500million cases and 1 to 1.5million annual deaths. 4-5,11 It is the first cause of death, of parasitic origin in the entire world. 4 P. falciparum is responsible for 80% of fatal cases hospitalized in endemic areas 4 and neurological complications are found in 50% of children admitted to the hospital. 6 In 2013, an incidence of malaria was estimated to be around 198million cases worldwide and some 575,000 cases of CM were reported, with the African child population being the most affected, 11 with a mortality of 25-30%10. 12,000 cases are considered imported from Europe to Malaria, France being the country with the largest number, about 5,000 cases per year. 5 In one of the retrospective studies conducted in French intensive care centers, where 400 cases of imported severe malaria were received, a mortality of 10% was observed. 5 Imported malaria has an estimated mortality of 10-15%. 5 CM occurs in 2.4% of travelers with malaria to P. falciparum. 6,7 Etiology 1 Anopheles: The bite of the mosquito of the female Anopheles spp. Species infected with P. falciparum transmits the disease to the human being. 2,11 The importance of these vectors lies in being one of the objectives of the malaria control programs. 12 In the mosquito life cycle we distinguish 4 stages: egg, larva, chrysalis and adult. All these phases depend on temperature and nutritional factors, and there is a greater development if temperatures are high. 13 Plasmodium: Malaria is caused by a group of parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium spp, 2,13 which are protozoa of the Sporozoa class, of the order Eucoccidiida and suborder Haemosporidiida. 13 There are more than 100 species, although only four of them are responsible for Malaria in the human: P. Ovale, P. Malariae, P. Falciparum and P. Vivax. 2,14 The latter two, being responsible for the majority of cases worldwide. 2,13 Within the species responsible for more complications, P. falciparum 4 stands out, with 1% of severe complications that culminated in multi-organ failure. 6,14 P. vivax is responsible for convulsions in children, and also for coma in children and adults. 6

Biomarkers and Prognostic Scoring in Cerebral Malaria

“…Brain edema is the consequence of an increase in cerebral blood volume due to the sequestered erythrocyte. 10,13 Laboratory test is important in Malaria cerebral diagnosis. Confirmation by the discovery of the plasmodium is really important.…”

“…Confirmation by the discovery of the plasmodium is really important. 13 Thick and thin smear with Giemsa stain are important to do. Some situations such as the patient is taking the antimalarial drug or sequestration of infected red blood cell can lead to false negative and examination must be repeated again every 12 hours up to 48 hours.…”

“…Other test such as Rapid Manual Test (RMT) to detect antigen or Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to detect Specific plasmodium DNA can be used for plasmodium detection. 13,14 Blood electrolyte examination can be a useful in cerebral malaria prognostic predictor. Hyponatremia is a common disorder that's found in severe malaria, and Parida et al, reported that Hyponatremia is associated with high mortality in severe malaria.…”

Electroencephalography and Blood Cells Analysis for Cerebral Malaria Detection Using Deep Learning and Neural Networks

“…Inhabitants of the world belong to the contaminated zones of malaria. Cerebral Malaria is a critical complication related to neurological infection and it is caused due to Plasmodium falciparum [1]. Our paper aims to ascertain the effect of the Plasmodium falciparum on neurological dysfunction and blood cells are altered.…”

Brain Injury and Neurocognitive Problem in Cerebral Malaria

“…Terhindar dari suatu penyakit, keadaan lingkungan, sosial ekonomi dan gizi yang baik merupakan beberapa faktor penting yang mempengaruhi tingkat kesehatan (1). Saat tubuh dalam kondisi gizi yang baik, seseorang dapat terhindar dari suatu penyakit infeksi maupun degeneratif (2).…”