Cerebral Function in Infancy and Childhood

Peiper, Albrecht

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-5139-7

Cited by 533 publications

(195 citation statements)

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“…These can be elicited in an infant supported under the arms in an upright, slightly tilted forward posture, after contacting ground with the feet soles [6 ,25]. Reflex stepping has been reported also in premature infants at 30+ post-conception weeks [26] and anencephalic newborns [27]. This suggests a predominant role of spinal and brainstem mechanisms, owing to immature cerebral connections to the spinal cord [28].…”

Section: Postnatal Development Of Locomotionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of human locomotion

Lacquaniti¹,

Ivanenko²,

Zago³

2012

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

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Neural control of locomotion in human adults involves the generation of a small set of basic patterned commands directed to the leg muscles. The commands are generated sequentially in time during each step by neural networks located in the spinal cord, called Central Pattern Generators. This review outlines recent advances in understanding how motor commands are expressed at different stages of human development. Similar commands are found in several other vertebrates, indicating that locomotion development follows common principles of organization of the control networks. Movements show a high degree of flexibility at all stages of development, which is instrumental for learning and exploration of variable interactions with the environment

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Section: Postnatal Development Of Locomotionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of human locomotion

Lacquaniti¹,

Ivanenko²,

Zago³

2012

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

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“…18,19 This pattern normally disappears about 4 to 6 weeks postnatally, at least under the traditional elicitation procedures. Some very exciting research, however, indicates that this innate capacity does not have to disappear and may, in fact provide a key to how we can help infants learn to walk.…”

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confidence: 99%

Treadmill Training of Infants With Down Syndrome: Evidence-Based Developmental Outcomes

et al. 2001

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ABSTRACT. Objective. On average, infants with Down syndrome (DS) learn to walk about 1 year later than nondisabled (ND) infants. The purpose of this study was to determine if practice stepping on a motorized treadmill could help reduce the delay in walking onset normally experienced by these infants.Methods. Thirty families of infants with DS were randomly assigned to the intervention or control group. All infants were karyotyped trisomy 21 and began participation in the study when they could sit alone for 30 seconds (Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second Edition 1993, item 34). Infants received traditional physical therapy at least every other week. In addition, intervention infants received practice stepping on a small, motorized treadmill, 5 days per week, for 8 minutes a day, in their own homes. Parents were trained to support their infants on these specially engineered miniature treadmills. Every 2 weeks research staff went into the homes and tested infants' overall motor progress by administering the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second Edition, 1 monitored growth status via a battery of 11 anthropometric measures, and checked parents' compliance with physical therapy and treadmill intervention. The primary measures of the intervention's effectiveness were comparisons between the groups on the length of time elapsed between sitting for 30 seconds (entry into the study) and 1) raising self to stand; 2) walking with help; and 3) walking independently.Results. The experimental group learned to walk with help and to walk independently significantly faster (73.8 days and 101 days, respectively) than the control group, both of which also produced large effect size statistics for the group differences. The groups were not statistically different for rate of learning to raise self to stand but there was a moderate effect size statistic suggesting that the groups were meaningfully different in favor of the experimental group.Conclusions. These results provide evidence that, with training and support, parents can use these treadmills in their homes to help their infants with DS learn to walk earlier than they normally would. Current research is aimed at 1) improving the protocol to maximize outcome; 2) determining the impact of treadmill practice on walking gait patterns; 3) testing the application to other populations with a history of delays in walking; and 4) determining the long-term benefits that may accrue from this form of activity. Pediatrics 2001;108(5). URL: http:// www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/108/5/e84; motor development, Down syndrome, early intervention, walking.

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“…For instance, in humans, behavioral studies of the ontogeny of locomotion show that locomotor-like movement occurs from the first weeks after conception (De Vries et al, 1982). However, even while locomotor movements can be elicited immediately after birth during a narrow time window (Peiper, 1963) it takes a year before children can walk independently. From different studies, it has emerged that the same general sequential changes occur during the ontogeny of rhythmic motor behaviors in many vertebrates, including rats (Bekoff and Lau, 1980;Cazalets et al, 1990), birds (Watson and Bekoff, 1990), and amphibians (Stehouwer and Farel, 1985).…”

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confidence: 99%

Functional differentiation of adult neural circuits from a single embryonic network

Casasnovas¹,

Meyrand²

1995

J. Neurosci.

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The stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) of adult lobsters and crabs generates a number of different rhythmic motor patterns which control different regional movements of the foregut. Since these output patterns are generated by discrete neural networks that, in the adult, are well characterized in terms of synaptic and cellular properties, this system constitutes an ideal model for exploring the mechanisms underlying the ontogeny of neural network organization. The foregut and its rhythmic motor patterns were studied in in vitro STNS nerve-muscle preparations of the embryo and different larval stages of the lobster Homarus gammarus. The development of Homarus comprises a long embryonic stage in ovo followed by three pelagic larval stages prior to the onset of benthic life. During these stages the foregut itself develops slowly from a simple ectodermal invagination that occurs in the embryo. During successive larval stages it progressively acquires all the specialized structures and shape of the adult foregut. In contrast, the STNS is morphologically recognizable at early embryonic stages. In all recorded stages the STNS spontaneously expresses rhythmic motor activity. During development, this activity is progressively restructured, beginning with a single rhythmic motor pattern in the embryo where all the stomodeal muscles are strongly coordinated. In subsequent stages, however, this single pattern is progressively subdivided to give rise eventually to the three discrete rhythmic motor patterns characteristic of the adult STNS. Our data suggest that rather than a dismantling of redundant embryonic and larval neural networks, the different adult networks emerge as a progressive partitioning of discrete circuits from a single embryonic network.

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Cerebral Function in Infancy and Childhood

Cited by 533 publications

References 0 publications

Development of human locomotion

Development of human locomotion

Treadmill Training of Infants With Down Syndrome: Evidence-Based Developmental Outcomes

Functional differentiation of adult neural circuits from a single embryonic network

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