Cerebellar Control of Locomotion Investigated in Cats: Discharges from Deiters' Neurones, EMG and Limb Movements during Local Cooling of the Cerebellar Cortex

Udo, M.; Oda, Yoichi; Tanaka, Kiyoji; Horikawa, Jun

doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60751-7

Cited by 32 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…However, this deduction is in conflict with other findings. Thus, although Udo, Oda, Tanaka & Horikawa (1976) have confirmed that hind-limb-related Deiters neurones are most active early in stance they also found that cooling the b zone of the cortex to reversibly inactivate the Purkinje cells enhanced rather than reduced the frequency modulation. Furthermore, as noted above, forelimb-related Purkinje cells in the b zone are usually most active at around the onset of stance and recently it has been demonstrated that Deiters neurones projecting to the cervical enlargement (i.e.…”

Section: Functional Relationship Between the Purkinje Cell8 And Intermentioning

confidence: 96%

Discharges of Purkinje cells in the paravermal part of the cerebellar anterior lobe during locomotion in the cat.

Armstrong¹,

Edgley²

1984

The Journal of Physiology

138

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SUMMARY1. Extracellular recordings were made from 124 Purkinje cells in the paravermal part of lobule V of the cerebellum in cats walking steadily at a speed of 0-5 m/s on a moving belt.2. All cells tested had a tactile receptive field from which simple spikes could be evoked and 96 % of these were on the ipsilateral forelimb.3. Seventy-six of the cells were also studied whilst the animals sat or lay quietly without movement. Complex spikes were discharged at 1-2/s and these were accompanied by simple spikes in fifty-nine cells (78 %); in the remaining cells there were no or few simple spikes. The over-all mean discharge rate (including both types of spike) was 37-8+27 impulses/s (± S.D.).4. During locomotion all cells discharged both types of spike and the over-all mean rate was 57-6 + 29 impulses/s (± S.D.). In all cells but one, the frequency of the simple spikes was modulated rhythmically in time with the stepping movements but the phasing relative to the step cycle varied widely between cells. Peak rates also varied widely, the average being 91-5+44 impulses/s (±S.D.). Most cells (63%) generated one period of accelerated discharge per step but others generated two (35 %) or three (2 %) such periods.5. Despite the individual variations in discharge timing the population as a whole was considerably more active during the swing than the stance phase of the step cycle in the ipsilateral forelimb (68 impulses/s as compared with 49 impulses/s on average).6. Thirty-four cells were electrophysiologically identified as lying in the cl zone of the cortex and twenty-five as being in the c2 zone (nomenclature of Oscarsson, 1980). During locomotion, the population activity in the two zones differed slightly: activity in the cl population was phase advanced by approximately one-tenth of the step cycle.7. The results are discussed, with particular emphasis on the finding that population activity in the Purkinje cells of the cl zone fluctuated during the step cycle in parallel with that in the part of nucleus interpositus to which they project.

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Section: Functional Relationship Between the Purkinje Cell8 And Intermentioning

confidence: 96%

Discharges of Purkinje cells in the paravermal part of the cerebellar anterior lobe during locomotion in the cat.

Armstrong¹,

Edgley²

1984

The Journal of Physiology

138

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“…Similar explanations have been suggested to account for parallel differences encountered in studies of the locomotorrelated discharges of vestibulospinal neurones in Deiters nucleus (cf. Orlovsky, 1972d;Udo et al 1976). …”

Section: Discharges During Locomotionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These factors may have appreciably influenced the discharge patterns observed because the firing of other cerebellar-related neurones (e.g. Deiters neurones contributing to the lateral vestibulospinal tract) apparently differs quite markedly in decerebrate cats depending on whether the locomotion involves all four limbs (Udo, Oda, Tanaka & Horikawa, 1976) or hind limbs only (Orlovsky, 1972d).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discharges of nucleus interpositus neurones during locomotion in the cat.

Armstrong¹,

Edgley²

1984

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Extracellular recordings were made from ninety-five cerebellar nuclear neurones in the cat. All were studied during periods of steady walking at 0'5 m/s and most were also studied in the resting animal.2. Most neurones were in nucleus interpositus anterior; forty-four cells were shown by antidromic invasion to project to the mid-brain.3. Most neurones discharged tonically in the absence of overt movements and the mean rate was 42 impulses/s (S.D.+ 23). During locomotion the mean rate was 68 impulses/s (S.D.+ 32).4. In all but seven neurones the discharge during locomotion was frequency modulated but in different neurones the depth of modulation varied from 5 to 161 impulses/s (mean 52 impulses/s; S.D. + 30) and the time of peak discharge relative to the step cycle in the ipsilateral forelimb also varied widely.5. Despite the individual differences the population as a whole was much more active during forelimb swing than during stance, both in numbers of neurones strongly active and in over-all average discharge rate (74 impulses/s as compared with 55).6. Most neurones had tactile receptive fields on the ipsilateral forelimb while others received input from head and neck or from both ipsilateral limbs. The tendency to discharge preferentially during early swing was greatest for the first group, especially the subpopulations with receptive fields around or proximal to the elbow.7. Cells encountered in close sequence during a micro-electrode track had similarly located receptive fields and usually showed similar patterns of discharge during locomotion.8. These findings are discussed in relation to the suggestion by Orlovsky (1972 a, b, c) that nucleus interpositus assists in regulating locomotion by evoking rubrospinal discharges which facilitate the flexor muscle activities produced by the spinal mechanisms reponsible for generating the swing phase of the step cycle.

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“…From Armstrong & Edgley (1984b). function to damp rather than create the locomotor rhythmicity of the Deiters' neurones (see Udo, Matsukawa, Kamei, Minoda & Oda, 1981). In addition, cooling of the lateral vermis augments the stance-related activity of the extensor muscles in the ipsilateral limbs (Udo, Oda, Tanaka & Horikawa, 1976) presumably by augmenting the frequency modulation of the Deiters' neurones (note, however, that this evidence appears to conflict with Orlovsky's claim (Orlovsky, 1972c) that cerebellectomy converts the rhythmic discharge of Deiters' neurones into a tonic firing throughout the step cycle, suggesting that further investigations are required). The upshot of the work reviewed above is that we now possess an outline understanding of how several different brain stem motor pathways (reticulospinal, rubrospinal and vestibulospinal) and their associated areas of the cerebellum appear to co-operate to assist the spinal CPGs in controlling walking.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%