“…His success led to a string of ceramic biomaterial innovations, with patents appearing shortly thereafter claiming various ceramics, including Al 2 O 3 , as viable orthopedic materials [17][18][19][20]. Recognizing a potential for limb reconstruction and correction of skeletal defects in veterans, the US Defense Department investigated and demonstrated the usefulness of porous Al 2 O 3 as a bone scaffold in 1972 [21], and a similar Scandinavian study in 1973 established its osseointegration effectiveness [22].…”