Cephalometric Measurements and Determination of General Skull Type of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels

Schmidt, Martin J.; Neumann, Andreas; Amort, K.; Failing, Klaus; Krämer, Martin

doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01825.x

Cited by 57 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In brachycephalic animals the growth of the synchondroses is thought to be impaired resulting in reduced longitudinal extension of the cranial base as well as in the long bones [31,32]. Although the CKCS have been identified as an extreme BC [40] a smaller adjusted means of the subarachnoid space in comparison to other BCs could not be determined. In fact, the latter group show less increase in subarachnoid space with increasing body weight than CKCSs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the endocranial- and brain volumes in brachycephalic dogs, mesaticephalic dogs and Cavalier King Charles spaniels in relation to their body weight

et al. 2014

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BackgroundA number of studies have attempted to quantify the relative volumes of the endocranial volume and brain parenchyma in association with the pathogenesis of the Chiari-like malformation (CLM) in the Cavalier King Charles spaniel (CKCS). In our study we examine the influence of allometric scaling of the brain and cranial cavity volume on morphological parameters in different dog breeds. MRI scans of 110 dogs (35 mesaticephalic dogs, 35 brachycephalic dogs, 20 CKCSs with SM, and 20 CKCSs without SM) have been used to create 3-dimensional volumetric models of skull and brain parts. Volumes were related to body weight calculating the adjusted means for different breeds.ResultsThere was a strong global dependency of all volumes to body weight (P < 0.0001). The adjusted means of the absolute and relative volumes of brain parenchyma and cranial compartments are not significantly larger in CKCSs in comparison to brachycephalic and mesaticephalic dogs. A difference in absolute or relative volumes between CKCSs with and without SM after relating these values to body weight could not be identified. The relative volume of the hindbrain parenchyma (caudal fossa parenchyma percentage) was larger in brachycephalic dogs than in CKCSs, without causing herniation or SM.ConclusionAn influence of body weight exist in dogs, which can be sufficiently large to render conclusions on the difference in volumes of the brain and skull unsafe unless some account of the body weight is taken in the analysis. The results of this study challenge the role of overcrowding for the development of SM in dogs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the endocranial- and brain volumes in brachycephalic dogs, mesaticephalic dogs and Cavalier King Charles spaniels in relation to their body weight

et al. 2014

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“…Recently, cephalometric measurements and obstruction in brachycephalic dogs have also been evaluated by Computed Tomographic Imaging [6,38,39]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glottic and skull indices in canine brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome

Caccamo

Buracco

Rosa³

et al. 2014

BMC Vet Res

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Background: Forty dogs presented for brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome with laryngeal collapse not over 1st degree (saccule eversion) underwent glottis endoscopic and radiographic skull measurements before surgery. Fifteen Pugs, fifteen French and ten English Bulldogs were included. The goals were prospectively to compare three common brachycephalic breeds for anatomical differences regarding glottis and skull measurements, and to assess if any correlation between glottis and skull measurements was present. Linear measurements were used to obtain glottis and skull indices. Correlations between glottis and skull indices and glottic measurements were evaluated. Finally, glottis indices were compared among the three breeds. Results: No correlation was found for glottis and skull indices. The glottic index differed among the three breeds (smaller in Pugs and higher in English Bulldogs), ultimately representing a morphologic indicator of the different larynx shape in the three breeds (more rounded in English Bulldogs, more elliptical in Pugs and in-between in French Bulldogs). Conclusions: The lack of correlation between skull/glottic indices does not support skull morphology as predictor of glottic morphology. As Pugs had the lowest glottic index, it may be speculated that Pugs' original narrow glottic width may predispose to further progressive respiratory deterioration more easily than in the other two breeds.

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“…The following radiographic measurements, performed by OsiriX PRO 64-bit certified software (Aycan Medical Systems, LLC, Rochester, NY): skull length (SL) - from the external occipital protuberance to the anterior end of the inter-incisive suture; cranial length (CL) - from the junction of the median plane of the right and left naso-frontal sutures to the external occipital protuberance; neurocranium widths (NW) - from the most lateral point of the skull to the one of the other side; zygomatic widths (ZW) - from the most lateral point of one zygomatic arch to the most lateral point of the other [20, 21]. Humerus (HL), radius (RL) and ulna (UL), os femoris (FL) , tibia (TL) - a parallel line to the longest axis of the bone was drawn and the maximum length of the ossified bone was measured along this line.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small-sized newborn dogs skeletal development: radiologic, morphometric, and histological findings obtained from spontaneously dead animals

Modina

Veronesi

Moioli³

et al. 2017

BMC Vet Res

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BackgroundVery little is known about neonatal skeletal development in small-sized purebred dogs. In order to improve this knowledge, 27 spontaneously dead puppies belonging to small-sized breeds were enrolled in this study for radiologic, histological and morphometric investigations.ResultsThe appearance of the limb secondary ossification centers and the onset of their formation were clearly observed by x rays and confirmed by histological evidences. Radiographic and anatomic measurements of limb bones length and skull length and width were positively correlated with body weight and age of the subjects and the body weight was positively correlated with radius bone mineral density, as demonstrated by dual-energy x-rays absorptiometry.ConclusionsThese data provided original information on the growth of newborn small-sized breed dogs, and suggest that cadavers may be useful to study skeletal development.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-017-1092-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Cephalometric Measurements and Determination of General Skull Type of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels

Cited by 57 publications

References 21 publications

Comparison of the endocranial- and brain volumes in brachycephalic dogs, mesaticephalic dogs and Cavalier King Charles spaniels in relation to their body weight

Comparison of the endocranial- and brain volumes in brachycephalic dogs, mesaticephalic dogs and Cavalier King Charles spaniels in relation to their body weight

Glottic and skull indices in canine brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome

Small-sized newborn dogs skeletal development: radiologic, morphometric, and histological findings obtained from spontaneously dead animals

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