BackgroundVery little is known about neonatal skeletal development in small-sized purebred dogs. In order to improve this knowledge, 27 spontaneously dead puppies belonging to small-sized breeds were enrolled in this study for radiologic, histological and morphometric investigations.ResultsThe appearance of the limb secondary ossification centers and the onset of their formation were clearly observed by x rays and confirmed by histological evidences. Radiographic and anatomic measurements of limb bones length and skull length and width were positively correlated with body weight and age of the subjects and the body weight was positively correlated with radius bone mineral density, as demonstrated by dual-energy x-rays absorptiometry.ConclusionsThese data provided original information on the growth of newborn small-sized breed dogs, and suggest that cadavers may be useful to study skeletal development.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-017-1092-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Objective: This study aims to describe an unusual peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH) in an 8-month-old German shepherd dog, associated with a pericardial pseudocyst and coexisting severe pericardial effusion resulting in right-sided heart failure.Case Summary: An 8-month-old, male, intact, German shepherd dog, was referred for ascites. Echocardiography revealed a severe pericardial effusion with a cyst-like structure within the pericardium and consequently decompensated right-sided heart failure. The ascites was secondary to right-sided heart failure (cardiac tamponade). Computed tomography (CT) of the thorax and abdomen was performed and showed PPDH with severe pericardial effusion and presence of a pericardial cyst-like structure; xyphoid cleft and Y-shaped seventh sternebra; and mild thickening along the cranioventral abdominal wall consistent with scar tissue from the previous umbilical hernia surgical repair. During surgery, the PPDH was corrected, and it was revealed that the remnant of the umbilical cord passed through it, into the pericardium. The cyst-like structure was successfully resected and sent for pathology. Histopathology showed signs of a chronic suppurative inflammation, with absence of a mesothelial or endothelial wall layer, thus consistent with a pseudocyst. Based on tomographic and surgical findings, it is suspected that the pseudocyst, together with the pericardial effusion, evolved by an inflammation of the remnant of the umbilical cord during the umbilical hernia surgical repair 1 month prior to presentation. The underlying PPDH most likely favored the development of the pericardial pseudocyst. However, due to prior antibiotic therapy initiated by the private vet, an infectious origin cannot be ruled out completely.New or Unique Information Provided: There are a few case reports describing PPDH and/or pericardial pseudocysts in veterinary patients, but the current case report is unique, since it describes PPDH associated with a pericardial pseudocyst and coexisting severe pericardial effusion resulting in cardiac tamponade. As far as the authors know, such a case has not been described in veterinary medicine before.
In veterinary medicine, patients undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) under general anesthesia to enable acquisition of artifact-free images. The fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ranges between 30 and 95%. In humans, a high FiO2 is associated with incomplete signal suppression of peripheral cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces on T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (T2w-FLAIR) sequences. The influence of FiO2 on T2w-FLAIR images remains unreported in small animals. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate whether a high FiO2 is associated with hyperintensity in peripheral CSF spaces on T2w-FLAIR images in dogs and cats. Client-owned patients undergoing brain MRI were prospectively enrolled. Animals with brain parenchymal abnormalities and/or meningeal contrast enhancement on MRI images and/or abnormal CSF analysis were excluded. Consequently, twelve patients were enrolled. Anesthesia was maintained by isoflurane 0.5–1 minimal alveolar concentration in 30% oxygen. After acquisition of transverse and dorsal T2w-FLAIR images, the FiO2 was increased to 95%. The T2w-FLAIR sequences were then repeated after 40 min. Arterial blood gas analysis was performed in six patients at the same time as T2w-FLAIR sequence acquisition. Plot profiles of the signal intensity (SI) from CSF spaces of three cerebral sulci and adjacent gray and white matter were generated. SI ratios of CSF space and white matter were compared between the T2w-FLAIR images with 30 and 95% FiO2. An observer blinded to the FiO2, subjectively evaluated the SI of peripheral CSF spaces on T2w-FLAIR images as high or low. There was significant difference in the partial pressure of oxygen between the two arterial samples (P < 0.001). The SI ratios obtained from the T2w-FLAIR images with 95% FiO2 were significantly higher compared with those obtained from the T2w-FLAIR images with 30% FiO2 (P < 0.05). The peripheral CSF spaces were subjectively considered hyperintense in 11 of 12 cases on T2w-FLAIR images with 95% FiO2 (P < 0.005). A clear difference in SI, dependent on the FiO2 was seen in the peripheral CSF spaces on T2w-FLAIR images. In conclusion, the influence of FiO2 must be considered when differentiating pathological and normal CSF spaces on T2w-FLAIR images in dogs and cats.
This report shows for the first time clinical imaging (ultrasound and computed tomography), histological and immunohistochemical findings of an ovarian leiomyoma, coincidentally diagnosed in an asymptomatic unmated nulliparous ten year-old German shepherd bitch concurrently suffering from multiple mammary tumors. A thorough examination allowed the differentiation of ovarian leiomyoma from other spindle cell tumors. An accurate description of the diagnostic procedures useful in the managing of ovarian leiomyoma could provide valuable information to veterinary practitioners. Indeed, despite its rarity and nonspecific symptoms, ovarian leiomyoma may also affect the dog with an unknown potential risk.
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