Central retinal vein occlusion in the setting of COVID-19 infection

Hemi- and Central Retinal Vein Occlusion Associated with COVID-19 Infection in Young Patients without Known Risk Factors

“…Various authors have described retinal vascular occlusions, including CRAO, BRVOs, and CRVOs in association with COVID-19 ( Table 2 ). 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 The present report is the first and largest case series of CRVO and HRVO occurring after COVID-19. It nearly doubles the currently published cases in the literature and is the only one to exclude predisposing risk factors.…”

“…Reported ocular manifestations in the literature to date include conjunctivitis, 10 retinal microangiopathy, 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 paracentral acute middle maculopathy, acute macular neuroretinopathy, 18 uveitis, 19 , 20 and optic neuropathy. 19 , 20 , 21 Additionally, multiple reports describing retinal vascular events such as central retinal artery occlusions, 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 branch retinal vein occlusions (BRVO), 26 , 27 hemiretinal vein occlusion (HRVO) and central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 and papillophlebitis, 37 following a diagnosis of COVID-19 have been published. The series presented herein expands on the literature and aims to highlight a potential temporal association between COVID-19 infection and the development of retinal vein occlusions (RVO) in otherwise young, healthy patients without other risk factors for RVO.…”

Consecutive central and branch retinal vein occlusions in the same eye of a young healthy COVID-19 patient: A unique case report

“…2 , 3 , 4 COVID-19 related vision-threatening retinal pathologies, including RVOs, may be irrelevant of any systemic risk factors. 3 , 4 , 6 Retinal findings correlated to COVID-19 were initially documented by Marinho et al . 8 Subsequently, several reports have published that the development of either CRVO or BRVO is associated with this viral infection.…”

“…The patients with COVID-19 infection are at risk of developing RVO due to excessive inflammation and coagulation abnormalities even without systemic predisposition and advanced age. 6 , 7 …”

CRVO associated with COVID-19 and MTHFR mutation in a 15-year-old male

“…12 Finally, Raval et al (2021) described a 39-year-old febrile male with CRVO one week after testing positive on RT-PCR. 13 In all of these cases, the hypercoagulable workup was negative. Similarly, our patient did not have an increased D-dimer, thrombocytosis, alteration in PT/PTT/INR, or evidence of DVT or PE as reported in COVID-19 patients with coagulopathic sequelae.…”