Central insulin inhibits hypothalamic galanin and neuropeptide Y gene expression and peptide release in intact rats

Wang, Jian; Leibowitz, Karen L.

doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00963-3

Cited by 90 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Intracerebroventricular infusion of insulin decreases NPY mRNA in the Arc, and insulindeficient rats show increased hypothalamic mRNA expression (41)(42)(43). Further, recent studies have shown that leptin and insulin both act on POMC neurons, although within distinct subpopulations within the Arc (44).…”

Section: Mechanistic Pathways Linking Central and Peripheral Control mentioning

confidence: 98%

Quantification of sleep behavior and of its impact on the cross-talk between the brain and peripheral metabolism

Hanlon

Cauter

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Rates of obesity have been steadily increasing, along with disorders commonly associated with obesity, such as cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. Simultaneously, average sleep times have progressively decreased. Recently, evidence from both laboratory and epidemiologic studies has suggested that insufficient sleep may stimulate overeating and thus play a role in the current epidemic of obesity and diabetes. In the human sleep laboratory it is now possible to carefully control sleep behavior and study the link between sleep duration and alterations in circulating hormones involved in feeding behavior, glucose metabolism, hunger, and appetite. This article focuses on the methodologies used in experimental protocols that have examined modifications produced by sleep restriction (or extension) compared with normal sleep. The findings provide evidence that sleep restriction does indeed impair glucose metabolism and alters the cross-talk between the periphery and the brain, favoring excessive food intake. A better understanding of the adverse effects of sleep restriction on the CNS control of hunger and appetite may have important implications for public health.

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Section: Mechanistic Pathways Linking Central and Peripheral Control mentioning

confidence: 98%

Quantification of sleep behavior and of its impact on the cross-talk between the brain and peripheral metabolism

Hanlon

Cauter

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Neuropeptide Y inhibits TRH secretion [41], while intracerebroventricular administration of insulin suppresses the expression of the neuropeptide Y gene [42]. TRH secretion is stimulated by leptin, acting either directly via leptin Fig.…”

Section: Endocrine Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Intranasal Insulin on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis in Normal and Diabetic Rats

et al. 2015

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The functions of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis are attenuated in type 1 diabetes mellitus due to insulin deficiency. The use of intranasally administered insulin is of considerable interest for treatment of diabetes and cognitive disorders, but its effect on the thyroid system has not been investigated yet. We studied the influence of long-term treatment with intranasal insulin on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis of nondiabetic rats and diabetic animals with streptozotocin models of acute and mild type 1 diabetes mellitus. This treatment was carried out for 28 days in acute (daily does of 0.3, 0.6, and 1.5?IU of insulin per rat) and for 135 days in mild diabetes (daily dose of 0.45?IU/rat). Nondiabetic rats were treated in a similar manner. Intranasal insulin in both models of diabetes resulted in the improvement of thyroid status; manifested as increase of thyroid hormones levels and restoration of response to thyroliberin. In acute diabetes, a daily dose of 0.6?IU/rat was the most effective. Twenty eight days treatment of nondiabetic rats with intranasal insulin at a dose of 0.3?IU/rat resulted in a significant increase of free and total thyroxine levels. Longer treatment of rats with mild diabetes and nondiabetic animals significantly increased thyrotropin level. Thus, long-term intranasal insulin treatment restored the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis function in type 1 diabetes, but led to a significant increase in the thyrotropin level, which must be considered when designing a strategy for the use of intranasal insulin in clinical applications.

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“…However, galanin gene expression in the PeN may also be regulated indirectly by leptin through other leptin-sensitive signaling systems. For example, insulin has been shown to inhibit galanin expression in the hypothalamus; 46 therefore, it seems possible that the increased sensitivity to insulin, occurring as a result of leptin administration, facilitates insulin's inhibitory action on galanin gene expression. 1,37 Another possibility is that leptin's effects on galanin-expressing neurons in the PeN are mediated by other Ob-R-expressing neurons.…”

Section: Coexpression Of Galanin and The Leptin Receptormentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of galanin messenger RNA-expressing cells in murine brain and their regulation by leptin in regions of the hypothalamus

et al. 2001

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AbstractÐGalanin is widely distributed throughout the mammalian brain and has been implicated in the regulation of food intake, metabolism and reproductionÐfunctions that are also thought to be under the control of leptin. To investigate the possible role of galanin in mediating the physiological effects of leptin in the mouse, we had three experimental objectives: ®rst, to map the distribution of galanin messenger RNA-expressing cells in the brain of the mouse; second, to assess the effects of leptin on galanin gene expression in areas of the brain thought to be involved in the regulation of body weight and reproduction; and third, to determine whether galanin neurons in these regions express leptin receptor messenger RNA. We found the pattern of galanin messenger RNA expression in the mouse brain to be similar, but not identical, to that in the rat. Leptin treatment (2 mg/g for six days) signi®cantly reduced cellular levels of galanin messenger RNA in the hypothalamic periventricular nucleus of leptin-de®cient obese (ob/ob) mice (P , 0.01) by approximately 30%; however, leptin did not appear to in¯uence the expression of galanin in the arcuate or dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Galanin-producing neurons in the arcuate, dorsomedial and periventricular nuclei did not appear to express leptin receptor messenger RNA (P . 0.05).These results demonstrate that galanin distribution patterns in the mouse brain are comparable to other species and, yet, possess unique features. In addition, galanin-expressing neurons in the hypothalamic periventricular nucleus are targets for regulation by leptin; however, the effect of leptin on galanin gene expression is likely to be mediated indirectly, perhaps through either proopiomelanocortin-or neuropeptide Y-expressing cells in the hypothalamus. q 2001 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.Key words: neuropeptide, gene regulation, neuroanatomy, in situ hybridization, leptin receptor.Galanin is a 29 amino acid neuropeptide that was originally isolated from the porcine gut. 42 In mammals, galanin is widely distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. 26 One curious observation about galanin's expression in the brain of mammals is its species speci®city, which is particularly evident in the rat and monkey. For example, in the rat there is little or no expression of galanin in the hippocampus but there are abundant galanin-containing cells in the dorsal raphe. 23,34 In the monkey, however, galanin producing cells are found throughout the hippocampus, yet are absent from the dorsal raphe. 17 To date, there has been no detailed mapping of the distribution of galanin in the mouse brain. Because of the growing importance of the mouse as a genetic model for understanding the brain, it is vital that we know the comparative anatomy of neuropeptide expression in the murine brain and use this information to shed light on the differences and similarities between species. The ®rst objective of this study was to complete a detailed map of the...

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Central insulin inhibits hypothalamic galanin and neuropeptide Y gene expression and peptide release in intact rats

Cited by 90 publications

References 27 publications

Quantification of sleep behavior and of its impact on the cross-talk between the brain and peripheral metabolism

Quantification of sleep behavior and of its impact on the cross-talk between the brain and peripheral metabolism

The Influence of Intranasal Insulin on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis in Normal and Diabetic Rats

Distribution of galanin messenger RNA-expressing cells in murine brain and their regulation by leptin in regions of the hypothalamus

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