Distribution of galanin messenger RNA-expressing cells in murine brain and their regulation by leptin in regions of the hypothalamus

Cheung, Clement C.; Hohmann, John G.; Clifton, Donald K.; Steiner, Robert A.

doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00012-4

Cited by 87 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(77 reference statements)

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“…Nearly every nucleus associated with neuroendocrine functions had at least moderate amounts of GALR1 mRNA, including the PeN, PVN, DMN, LH and VMN. The exception to this was the arcuate nucleus, where only a few GALR1 mRNAexpressing cells were noted, which may not be surprising since in the mouse galanin is only expressed in a limited subset of cells in the arcuate nucleus (Cheung et al, 2001).…”

Section: Distribution Of Galr1 In the Forebrain Of The Mousementioning

confidence: 94%

“…mRNA is present in the piriform cortex (Ryan and Gundlach, 1996), but no galanin mRNA has been reported in the piriform cortex of the mouse (Cheung et al, 2001). It may be that in the absence of galanin production in this region, expression of the receptor is not required.…”

Section: Distribution Of Galr1 In the Forebrain Of The Mousementioning

confidence: 97%

“…To produce galanin-receptor riboprobe templates, PAMP plasmids were linearized by digestion with EcoR1 (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA, USA) and transcribed with SP6 RNA polymerase (Roche, Indianapolis, IN, USA) for generation of antisense cRNA probes, or linearized with BamH1 (New England Biolabs) and transcribed with T7 RNA polymerase (Roche) for generation of sense probes. The probes were treated with DNAse one (Roche) and purified on Quick Spin columns (Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ, USA), as described previously (Cheung et al, 2001). …”

Section: Generation Of Galr1 and Galanin Riboprobesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Single-label in situ hybridization was performed on coronal brain sections (20 m) that were cut on a cryostat, collected in 1:4 series and thaw-mounted onto Superfrost Plus slides (VWR Scientific, West Chester, PA, USA), as previously described (Cheung et al, 2001). A hybridization solution containing 33 P-labeled (0.3 pmol/ml for GALR1) or 35 S-labeled (0.25 g/ml/kb for galanin) cRNA probes and yeast tRNA (2 mg/ml) was applied on the tissue (80 l/slide).…”

Section: In Situ Hybridizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Galanin is expressed throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems (Cheung et al, 2001;Perez et al, 2001;Ryan and Gundlach, 1996;Skofitsch and Jacobowitz, 1985) and is a cotransmitter with several classical and peptidergic neurotransmitters (Melander et al, 1986). Galanin is highly expressed in the forebrain and hindbrain, and in the brainstem galanin regulates and is coexpressed with norepinephrine .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Distribution and regulation of galanin receptor 1 messenger RNA in the forebrain of wild type and galanin-transgenic mice

et al. 2003

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Abstract-To learn more about molecular alterations in the brain that occur as a consequence of either the chronic excess or absence of peptide neurotransmitters, we examined the impact of genetically manipulating the neuropeptide galanin on the expression of one of its cognate receptors, galanin receptor 1. First, we examined the distribution of galanin receptor 1 messenger RNA in the mouse forebrain, and found it to be abundantly expressed in many brain regions, including in numerous hypothalamic and other forebrain regions associated with neuroendocrine function. The distribution of galanin receptor 1 messenger RNA in the mouse was similar to previous reports in the rat, with additional expression noted in the caudate putamen and in several midbrain regions. Next, using quantitative in situ hybridization, we measured cellular levels of galanin receptor 1 messenger RNA in the brains of mice that either overexpress galanin (galanin transgenic) or lack a functional galanin gene (galanin knockout). We report that relative to wild-type controls, the expression of galanin receptor 1 messenger RNA was increased in discrete areas of the brain in galanin-transgenic mice, but that depletion of galanin/noradrenergic innervation to the hypothalamus with the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine did not alter levels of galanin receptor 1 messenger RNA. We also report that levels of galanin receptor 1 messenger RNA were not different between galanin-knockout and wild-type mice. These results suggest that compensatory adjustments in the expression of cognate receptors represent one mechanism by which the developing nervous system attempts to maintain homeostasis in response to overexpression of a peptidergic transmitter. However, the lack of significant changes in galanin receptor 1 messenger RNA in galanin-knockout mice suggests that developmentally programmed levels of receptor expression are maintained even in the complete absence of ligand.

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Section: Distribution Of Galr1 In the Forebrain Of The Mousementioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Distribution Of Galr1 In the Forebrain Of The Mousementioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Generation Of Galr1 and Galanin Riboprobesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: In Situ Hybridizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Distribution and regulation of galanin receptor 1 messenger RNA in the forebrain of wild type and galanin-transgenic mice

et al. 2003

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Distribution of galaninergic immunoreactivity in the brain of the mouse

Pérez

Wynick

Steiner

et al. 2001

J of Comparative Neurology

136

118

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The distribution of galaninergic immunoreactive (-ir) profiles was studied in the brain of colchicine-pretreated and non-pretreated mice. Galanin (GAL)-ir neurons and fibers were observed throughout all encephalic vesicles. Telencephalic GAL-ir neurons were found in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, lateral and medial septum, diagonal band of Broca, nucleus basalis of Meynert, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, amygdala, and hippocampus. The thalamus displayed GAL-ir neurons within the anterodorsal, paraventricular, central lateral, paracentral, and central medial nuclei. GAL-ir neurons were found in several regions of the hypothalamus. In the midbrain, GAL-ir neurons appeared in the pretectal olivary nucleus, oculomotor nucleus, the medial and lateral lemniscus, periaqueductal gray, and the interpeduncular nucleus. The pons contained GAL-ir neurons within the dorsal subcoeruleus, locus coeruleus, and dorsal raphe. In the medulla oblongata, GAL-ir neurons appear in the anterodorsal and dorsal cochlear nuclei, salivatory nucleus, A5 noradrenergic cells, gigantocellular nucleus, inferior olive, solitary tract nucleus, dorsal vagal motor and hypoglossal nuclei. Only GAL-ir fibers were seen in the lateral habenula nucleus, substantia nigra, parabrachial complex, cerebellum, spinal trigeminal tract, as well as the motor root of the trigeminal and facial nerves. GAL-ir was also observed in several circumventricular organs. The widespread distribution of galanin in the mouse brain suggests that this neuropeptide plays a role in the regulation of cognitive and homeostatic functions.

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Chemical neuroanatomy of the dorsal raphe nucleus and adjacent structures of the mouse brain

Maître

Fabre

et al. 2010

J of Comparative Neurology

161

141

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Serotonin neurons play a major role in many normal and pathological brain functions. In the rat these neurons have a varying number of cotransmitters, including neuropeptides. Here we studied, with histochemical techniques, the relation between serotonin, some other small-molecule transmitters, and a number of neuropeptides in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and the adjacent ventral periaqueductal gray (vPAG) of mouse, an important question being to establish possible differences from rat. Even if similarly distributed, the serotonin neurons in mouse lacked the extensive coexpression of nitric oxide synthase and galanin seen in rat. Although partly overlapping in the vPAG, no evidence was obtained for the coexistence of serotonin with dopamine, substance P, cholecystokinin, enkephalin, somatostatin, neurotensin, dynorphin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, or corticotropin-releasing hormone. However, some serotonin neurons expressed the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Work in other laboratories suggests that, as in rat, serotonin neurons in the mouse midline DRN express the vesicular glutamate transporter 3, presumably releasing glutamate. Our study also shows that many of the neuropeptides studied (substance P, galanin, neurotensin, dynorphin, and corticotropin-releasing factor) are present in nerve terminal networks of varying densities close to the serotonin neurons, and therefore may directly or indirectly influence these cells. The apparently low numbers of coexisting messengers in mouse serotonin neurons, compared to rat, indicate considerable species differences with regard to the chemical neuronatomy of the DRN. Thus, extrapolation of DRN physiology, and possibly pathology, from rat to mouse, and even human, should be made with caution.

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Distribution of galanin messenger RNA-expressing cells in murine brain and their regulation by leptin in regions of the hypothalamus

Cited by 87 publications

References 46 publications

Distribution and regulation of galanin receptor 1 messenger RNA in the forebrain of wild type and galanin-transgenic mice

Distribution and regulation of galanin receptor 1 messenger RNA in the forebrain of wild type and galanin-transgenic mice

Distribution of galaninergic immunoreactivity in the brain of the mouse

Chemical neuroanatomy of the dorsal raphe nucleus and adjacent structures of the mouse brain

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