“…From related studies (Lewellen, 2011;Bennani, 2020;Sun et al, 2021), a series of control variables are selected to reduce the effects of other factors. For instance, when investing in company stock, investors may consider fundamental corporate information, such as enterprise ownership (SOE), enterprise scale (SIZE), years of establishment (AGE); company profitability and management activities, including profit margin on net assets (ROE), asset-liability ratio (LEV), future development opportunities (GROW), operating net cash flow (CRAA), capital investment (INV), management expense ratio (ADM), audit costs (DCOST), and proportion of independent directors (IDRATIO).…”