Central African Hunters Exposed to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

Kalish, Marcia L.; Wolfe, Nathan; Ndongmo, Clement B.; McNicholl, Janet M.; Robbins, Kenneth E.; Aidoo, Michael; Fonjungo, Peter N.; Alemnji, George; Zeh, Clement; Djoko, Cyrille F.; Mpoudi‐Ngolé, Eitel; Burke, Donald S.; Folks, Thomas M.

doi:10.3201/eid1112.050394

Cited by 46 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…Exposure to SIV in natural settings is common for individuals exposed to blood and body fluids of naturally SIV-infected nonhuman primates. However, although there is a significant percentage of seropositivity to SIV antigens in such high-risk groups (17.1%), no productive infection has been detected (60). It has been proposed that the lack of productive infections is a consequence of either exposure to nonviable or defective SIV, a nonproductive cleared infection, or sequestering of the virus in lymphoid tissues.…”

Section: Hiv-1 Diversity and Its Originmentioning

confidence: 97%

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype Distribution in the Worldwide Epidemic: Pathogenetic and Therapeutic Implications

Buonaguro

Tornesello

Buonaguro

2007

J Virol

283

250

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Section: Hiv-1 Diversity and Its Originmentioning

confidence: 97%

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype Distribution in the Worldwide Epidemic: Pathogenetic and Therapeutic Implications

Buonaguro

Tornesello

Buonaguro

2007

J Virol

283

250

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“…Chimpanzees, gorillas, and sooty mangabeys, as well as many other primates were and are still extensively hunted. Direct evidence of human infection with other SIVs is not yet reported, but antibodies to SIVmnd from mandrills and SIVcol from mantled guerezas have been observed in two individuals in Cameroon, although the corresponding virus could not be amplified [31]. The ability of retroviruses to jump from primates to humans has also been documented for simian foamy viruses and simian T-cell leukemia viruses.…”

Section: Cross-species Transmissions: Where When and Howmentioning

confidence: 93%

The origins of HIV and implications for the global epidemic

Heuverswyn

Peeters

2007

Curr Infect Dis Rep

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HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) are the result of several cross-species transmissions from primates to humans. Recently, the ancestral strains of HIV-1 groups M and N were shown to still persist in today's wild chimpanzee populations (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in south Cameroon. Lately, HIV-1 group O-related viruses have been identified in western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), called SIVgor, but chimpanzees are most likely the original reservoir of this simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. HIV-2 is the result of at least eight distinct cross-species transmissions of SIV from sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) in West Africa. Although the origin of HIV-1 and HIV-2 became clearer, some important questions concerning pathogenicity and epidemic spread of certain HIV/SIV variants need to be further elucidated. Because humans are still exposed to a plethora of primate lentiviruses through hunting and handling of primate bushmeat, the possibility of additional zoonotic transfers of primate lentiviruses from other primates must be considered.

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“…Nonetheless, seroreactivity in the absence of virus could suggest exposure to SIV antigens. Antibodies to SIVmnd from mandrills and SIVcol from mantled guerezas (also without virus amplification) have been previously reported in two Cameroonian individuals (Souquiere et al 2001;Kalish et al 2005) with high OD values and cross-reactivity patterns have previously been associated with SIV exposure in humans (Ndongmo et al 2004). However, it should be noted that non-specific antibody reactivity is also frequently observed with commercial HIV screening assays, particularly in Central Africa (Aghokeng et al 2010).…”

mentioning

confidence: 89%

“…In a previous pilot study involving a limited number of hunters (n = 76) in Cameroon we used multiple SIV peptides in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELI-SA) (Ndongmo et al 2004) to screen for SIV infection and found a positive correlation between SIV seroreactivity and exposure to primates (Kalish et al 2005). In this study, we extended the investigation to a larger population at risk for NHP zoonosis using a broader panel of SIV lineage-specific peptides covering greater SIV diversity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

Failure to Detect Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in a Large Cameroonian Cohort with High Non-human Primate Exposure

et al. 2012

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Hunting and butchering of wildlife in Central Africa are known risk factors for a variety of human diseases, including HIV/AIDS. Due to the high incidence of human exposure to body fluids of non-human primates, the significant prevalence of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in non-human primates, and hunting/butchering associated cross-species transmission of other retroviruses in Central Africa, it is possible that SIV is actively transmitted to humans from primate species other than mangabeys, chimpanzees, and/or gorillas. We evaluated SIV transmission to humans by screening 2,436 individuals that hunt and butcher non-human primates, a population in which simian foamy virus and simian T-lymphotropic virus were previously detected. We identified 23 individuals with high seroreactivity to SIV. Nucleic acid sequences of SIV genes could not be detected, suggesting that SIV infection in humans could occur at a lower frequency than infections with other retroviruses, including simian foamy virus and simian T-lymphotropic virus. Additional studies on human populations at risk for non-human primate zoonosis are necessary to determine whether these results are due to viral/host characteristics or are indicative of low SIV prevalence in primate species consumed as bushmeat as compared to other retroviruses in Cameroon.

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Central African Hunters Exposed to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

Cited by 46 publications

References 7 publications

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype Distribution in the Worldwide Epidemic: Pathogenetic and Therapeutic Implications

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype Distribution in the Worldwide Epidemic: Pathogenetic and Therapeutic Implications

The origins of HIV and implications for the global epidemic

Failure to Detect Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in a Large Cameroonian Cohort with High Non-human Primate Exposure

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