Census tract-level association between racial composition and life expectancy among 492 large cities in the United States

Spoer, Ben R.; Thorpe, Lilian; Gourevitch, Marc N.; Levine, Sarah; Feldman, Justin M.

doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.08.022

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The exacerbating role of criminal justice, systemic inequality, and parenting suggests the complexity which Zigler (2010) infers in his critique. A Chicago-focused recent qualitative study by Hall (2020) affords definitive illustrations for Chicago as suggested by analyses provided by Spoer et al (2019) as well as Ansell's (2017) analysis of the urban setting. In fact, Halls’ efforts provide an unfiltered illustration of the individual-context parent relevant perspective demonstrating the impossibility of evaluating Head Start from a perspective which infers an inoculation-type efficacy.…”

Section: The Implication Of Parents In Youth Criminal and Violent Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The City of Chicago serves as an exemplar in several ways. They include observations that, first, prior to the onset of the COVID-19 global pandemic, Chicago was the site of significant disparities in health outcomes; and second, based upon zip code, the term “mortality gap” describes the enduring effects of segregation in the city where the life outcome estimates between the wealthiest, predominantly white zip codes and the poorest Black zip codes has grown to a 30-year difference (Spoer, Thorpe, Gourevitch, Levine, & Feldman, 2019). Ultimately, the enduring effect of living in a poor, predominantly Black zip code in Chicago will bring about death for its residents 30 years earlier than a person who lives in a predominantly White, wealthy zip code.…”

Section: Poverty and Inequality: Theoretical Implications For Human Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vulnerability and resiliency implications of human capital and linked inequality presence denial perspectives: Acknowledging Zigler's contributions to child well-being

Lodato

Hall²,

Spencer

2021

Dev Psychopathol

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Edward Zigler's groundbreaking research on child development resulted in the historic Head Start program. It is useful to examine the theoretical implications of his work by applying a human development theoretical perspective. Phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory (PVEST) is a strengths-based theoretical framework that engages the variability of resource access and coping strategies that promote positive identity development for diverse children. While skill acquisition is a key focus of human capital theory's engagement of early childhood needs, this article highlights the on-going status of human vulnerability that undergirds identity development over the life course. The authors note that “inequality presence denial” combines with high-risk contexts, framed by geography and psychohistoric moments (e.g., The Great Recession, COVID-19), to alter diverse children's developmental pathways. The acknowledgement of “morbid risk” motivates the urgency for research that builds upon Zigler's innovations and privileges human development imperatives. The case study explores these concepts by examining the challenges and assets available to mothers in a low-income community. The article's closing notes developments in the field of economics that ameliorate human capital theory's conceptual limitations, underscoring human development's theoretical strength in motivating research and policies that are maximally responsive to children's positive identity development.

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Section: The Implication Of Parents In Youth Criminal and Violent Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Poverty and Inequality: Theoretical Implications For Human Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vulnerability and resiliency implications of human capital and linked inequality presence denial perspectives: Acknowledging Zigler's contributions to child well-being

Lodato

Hall²,

Spencer

2021

Dev Psychopathol

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“…In short, zipcodes (and their racial compositions) are often accurate predictors of life expectancy [26].…”

Section: Online Ads Data Access and Zipcodes As Racial Proxiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeted Ads and/as Racial Discrimination: Exploring Trends in New York City Ads for College Scholarships

Chang¹,

Bui²,

McIlwain³

2022

Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences

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This paper uses and recycles data from a third-party digital marketing firm, to explore how targeted ads contribute to larger systems of racial discrimination. Focusing on a case study of targeted ads for educational searches in New York City, it discusses data visualizations and mappings of trends in the advertisements' targeted populations alongside U.S census data corresponding to these target zipcodes. We summarize and reflect on the results to consider how internet platforms systemically and differentially target advertising messages to users based on race; the tangible harms and risks that result from an internet traffic system designed to discriminate; and finally, novel approaches and frameworks for further auditing systems amid opaque, black-boxed processes forestalling transparency and accountability.

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“…Considering these debates and a general lack of evidence and data access for algorithmic audits without potentially compromising relationships or agreements (see [24,25], for example), we propose zip codes as another potentially promising, and novel interlocutor for important racial demographic data for algorithmic audit studies. In short, zipcodes (and their racial compositions) are often accurate predictors of life expectancy [26]. Thus, using readily available census datasets to model racial and ethnic demographics (alongside other demographic variables) could supplement and empower algorithmic audit studies investigating issues of racial bias and discrimination in vital ways.…”

Section: Online Ads Data Access and Zipcodes As Racial Proxiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeted Ads and/as Racial Discrimination: Exploring Trends in New York City Ads for College Scholarships

Chang¹,

Bui²,

McIlwain³

2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper uses and recycles data from a third-party digital marketing firm, to explore how targeted ads contribute to larger systems of racial discrimination. Focusing on a case study of targeted ads for educational searches in New York City, it discusses data visualizations and mappings of trends in the advertisements' targeted populations alongside U.S census data corresponding to these target zipcodes. We summarize and reflect on the results to consider how internet platforms systemically and differentially target advertising messages to users based on race; the tangible harms and risks that result from an internet traffic system designed to discriminate; and finally, novel approaches and frameworks for further auditing systems amid opaque, blackboxed processes forestalling transparency and accountability.

show abstract

Census tract-level association between racial composition and life expectancy among 492 large cities in the United States

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Vulnerability and resiliency implications of human capital and linked inequality presence denial perspectives: Acknowledging Zigler's contributions to child well-being

Vulnerability and resiliency implications of human capital and linked inequality presence denial perspectives: Acknowledging Zigler's contributions to child well-being

Targeted Ads and/as Racial Discrimination: Exploring Trends in New York City Ads for College Scholarships

Targeted Ads and/as Racial Discrimination: Exploring Trends in New York City Ads for College Scholarships

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