Cementum proteins: role in cementogenesis, biomineralization, periodontium formation and regeneration

Abstract

Destruction of the periodontium is normally associated with periodontal disease, although many other factors, such as trauma, aging, infections, orthodontic tooth movement and systemic and genetic diseases, can contribute to this process. Strategies (such as guided tissue regeneration) have been developed to guide and control regeneration using bioresorbable membranes and bone grafts. Although effective to a certain point, these strategies have the problem that they are not predictable and do not completely restore the architecture of the original periodontium. To achieve complete repair and regeneration it is necessary to recapitulate the developmental process with complete formation of cementum, bone and periodontal ligament fibers. Detailed knowledge of the biology of cementum is key for understanding how the periodontium functions, identifying pathological issues and for developing successful therapies for repair and regeneration of damaged periodontal tissue. It is the purpose of this review to focus on the role of cementum and its specific components in the formation, repair and regeneration of the periodontium. As cementum is a matrix rich in growth factors that could influence the activities of various periodontal cell types, this review will examine the characteristics of cementum, its composition and the role of cementum components, especially the cementum protein-1, during the process of cementogenesis, and their potential usefulness for regeneration of the periodontal structures in a predictable therapeutic manner.

Bioactive Polymeric Nanoparticles for Periodontal Therapy

“…To accomplish the restoration of the original architecture of the periodontal apparatus, it is important to promote not only osteogenesis but also cementogenesis, rapidly on the root surface after root planning/conditioning, because the cementum is the only hard tissue that can insert periodontal ligaments and assists in anchoring the tooth to the surrounding alveolar bone [5,16]. According to the anatomical location, which is in proximity to osteoblasts from alveolar bone, but is separated by the periodontal ligament, cementoblasts may be under a specific microenvironment resembling bone.…”

“…And it is hypothesized, that PO 4 3- ions may ionically bond to calcium at the NPs surface. Materials containing calcium and phosphate ions will improve cementum repair and cells migration and growth [5,16]. These materials should ideally be non-cytotoxic and nanosized, to permit the particles to pass through the tissue.…”

Incremental distribution of strontium and zinc in great ape and fossil hominin cementum using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping

“…Demineralised and stained thin sections of cementum [see figures 11.2 and 11.13 in 7] demonstrate that even the unmineralised organic cementum matrix contains incremental markings visible within it. Biglycan is associated with incremental markings in cellular cementum and along with other glycosaminoglycans (decorin, lumican, and versican) is associated with cellular but not acellular cementum growth [9,16]. Cementoblasts forming acellular cementum exert much stricter regulation of local inorganic pyrophosphate levels than cementoblasts forming cellular cementum, which has a profound influence on rates of mineralisation [5].…”

“…New layers of cementum are added in a regular incremental manner (figure 1) and act as a barrier to limit the down-growth of gingival epithelium and resulting loss of PDL attachment [9]. Each layer also sequesters a rich matrix of growth factors that can be released to induce PDL regeneration when needed [9,10].…”

Cementum protein 1‐derived peptide (CEMP 1‐p1) modulates hydroxyapatite crystal formation in vitro

“…Instead, many biologically active proteins are highly flexible or intrinsically disordered . CEMP1 may be considered as an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP), since its sequence contains high percentage of random coil secondary structures . Recently, we have demonstrated that CEMP1's N‐terminus ‐derived peptide promotes differentiation of periodontal ligament cells toward a “mineralizing‐like” phenotype, and more importantly, the bioactive peptide shows osteoinductive and osteogenic properties, which enhanced the physiological deposition and maturation of newly formed bone in critical‐sized calvarial defects in Wistar rats .…”